Research studies consistently find heightened risk of suicidal behaviours, ideation, attempts and deaths in those with ASD and ADHD, especially if they are un or misdiagnosed. From the research, the risk of suicidality is higher for those with ASD and higher cognitive abilities, and even higher for those with ASD and other comorbid conditions. The risk of suicidality is higher yet again for those that are twice exceptional, defined as high IQ (>120) combined with another disability, such as ASD[2],[3].
We Have a Duty to Find, Assess, and Support Twice-Exceptional Students
Table of Contents
- There is a heightened risk of suicide in the neurodivergent population.
- Camouflaging is a risk marker.
- Loneliness is a risk marker.
- Thwarted belongingness and perceived burdensomeness are significantly correlated with lifetime suicidal behaviour.
- Autistic people experience more life stressors than non-autistic people.
- Burnout and suicidality are linked.
- Youth suicides are closely tied with in-person school attendance.
- Bullying is associated with substantial increases in suicide risk.
- Unaccommodated monotropism and suicide susceptibility are correlated.
- Discussing suicide as an autistic person is a trap.
- Survivors are primary sources.
- Resources
- Further Reading
There is a heightened risk of suicide in the neurodivergent population.
Research has established that there is a heightened risk of suicide in the neurodivergent population. Neurodivergent is an umbrella term that describes people with variation in their brain functioning, and can include conditions such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), dyslexia, dyscalculia, dyspraxia and tourette’s syndrome. The neurodivergent population is often at risk for a wide range of additional health risks leading to a lower life expectancy, health and mental health issues and overall lower quality of life. These health concerns are often exacerbated by 1) being misunderstood and unaccommodated by our neurotypical society institutions and systems and 2) sensory overwhelm. It is therefore not surprising that recent research has shown that the risk of suicide is significantly higher for autistics and ADHDers overall.
We Have a Duty to Find, Assess, and Support Twice-Exceptional Students
The results confirm suicidality is highly prevalent in both autistic and possibly autistic people without co-occurring intellectual disability and highlights potential moderators. Possibly autistic individuals require more attention in clinical and research considerations going forward to further understand and prevent suicide in both groups.
In addition to high levels of mental health problems, autistic people are at a significantly increased risk of suicidality (suicidal ideation, suicide plans, suicide attempts, and death by suicide) compared to non-autistic people. An influential study of late diagnosed autistic adults found 66% had experienced suicidal ideation, which was nine times higher than the general population, and 35% had a suicide plan or had made a suicide attempt [10]. Moreover, a greater number of autistic adults are found to score above the psychiatric cut-off on measures of suicide risk compared to non-autistic adults [11, 12]. Large-scale population studies also report a four- and ninefold increase in death by suicide among autistic people compared to the general population [13, 14], and up to a sevenfold increase in suicide attempts [15], where this risk is the highest in autistic females and autistic people without co-occurring intellectual disability (ID) [13,14,15,16]. As suicide is a critical global health challenge and one of the leading causes of death worldwide [17], understanding this increased risk of suicidality in autistic people is essential for adequate risk assessment and preventative strategies.
The current findings also suggest suicidal ideation is higher in autistic and possibly autistic samples who are transgender or gender non-conforming. This is unsurprising, as transgender and gender non-conforming individuals in the general population exhibit much higher rates of suicidal ideation and suicidal behaviour than their cisgender peers [89,90,91]. Along with this, autistic people are more likely to be gender diverse than non-autistic people [74, 92], and gender-diverse people are also more likely to be autistic [93]. It is therefore possible that the intersection of these two identities compounds the risk of suicidality, resulting in a higher prevalence estimate.
Research shows that self-reported autistic traits are associated with suicidal thoughts and behaviours (Cassidy et al. 2018c; Pelton and Cassidy 2017; Paquette-Smith et al. 2014; Takara and Kondo 2014; Cassidy et al. 2014), and 40% of adults who have attempted suicide meet the cut-off for clinical concern on a validated autism screening instrument (Richards et al. 2019).
Suicidal thoughts and behaviors and nonsuicidal self-injury are more common in autistic adolescents than non-autistic adolescents, per parent- and self-report.
Camouflaging is a risk marker.
Another mechanism may be found in the relationship between high cognitive ability and “camouflaging”87, where individuals suppress less socially accepted behavior to fit in. Camouflaging is a universal behavior88 that has been studied with particular interest in autistic individuals, who engage in this behavior more regularly89. In studies of autism, camouflaging has been associated with higher rates of anxiety and depression90, perhaps due to less support resulting from successful camouflaging, which would tend to delay diagnosis91. Consequently, camouflaging in autism is correlated with increased suicidal behavior92. Increased cognitive ability may therefore be linked to maladaptive camouflaging that further increases risk for mental health issues in autistic people.93
We Have a Duty to Find, Assess, and Support Twice-Exceptional Students
A majority of autistic adults (72%) scored above the recommended psychiatric cut-off for suicide risk on the SBQ-R; significantly higher than general population (GP) adults (33%). After statistically controlling for a range of demographics and diagnoses, ASC diagnosis and self-reported autistic traits in the general population significantly predicted suicidality. In autistic adults, non-suicidal self-injury, camouflaging, and number of unmet support needs significantly predicted suicidality.
Risk markers for suicidality in autistic adults | Molecular Autism | Full Text
Results confirm previously reported high rates of suicidality in ASC, and demonstrate that ASC diagnosis, and self-reported autistic traits in the general population are independent risk markers for suicidality. This suggests there are unique factors associated with autism and autistic traits that increase risk of suicidality. Camouflaging and unmet support needs appear to be risk markers for suicidality unique to ASC. Non-suicidal self-injury, employment, and mental health problems appear to be risk markers shared with the general population that are significantly more prevalent in the autistic community. Implications for understanding and prevention of suicide in ASC are discussed.
Risk markers for suicidality in autistic adults | Molecular Autism | Full Text
Camouflaging significantly predicted suicidality in the ASC group, after controlling for age, sex, presence of at least one developmental condition, depression, anxiety, employment, and satisfaction with living arrangements. Camouflaging and age of ASC diagnosis, and suicidality and age of ASC diagnosis were not significantly correlated. This suggests that camouflaging is directly associated with suicidality rather than in combination with delay in ASC diagnosis. Camouflaging also explained significant additional variance in suicidality above depression or anxiety, suggesting that the association with suicidality is, at least in part, independent of mental health. This is the first evidence of camouflaging being a unique independent risk factor for suicidality in ASC.
Risk markers for suicidality in autistic adults | Molecular Autism | Full Text
It is perhaps more accurate to acknowledge a “double empathy problem”, where autistic people are misinterpreted by non-autistic people and vice versa [45, 47, 48], which contribute to feelings of isolation among autistic people [49]. Increasing acceptance of autistic people in society could therefore lead to a reduced need for camouflaging and increased feelings of belonging—a protective factor for suicidality [17, 23].
Risk markers for suicidality in autistic adults | Molecular Autism | Full Text
160 undergraduate students (86.9% female, 18-23 years) completed a cross-sectional online survey from 8th February to 30th May 2019 including self-report measures of thwarted belongingness and perceived burdensomeness, autistic traits, depression, anxiety, camouflaging autistic traits, and lifetime suicidality. Results suggest that camouflaging autistic traits is associated with increased risk of experiencing thwarted belongingness and lifetime suicidality.
One potentially relevant factor, and previously unexplored in suicide research, is camouflaging one’s autistic traits, in order to ‘fit in’ in social situations. Social camouflaging was originally described by autistic people, who report actively attempting to mask and compensate for their autistic traits in social situations, in an attempt to fit in better with others socially (Allely 2019; Livingston et al. 2019; Cage and Troxell-Whitman 2019; Lai et al. 2017; Hull et al. 2017). Hull et al. (2019) developed the Camouflaging Autistic Traits Questionnaire (CAT-Q), to capture the extent to which both autistic and non-autistic adults engage in three aspects of social camouflaging: (1) “compensation” for autism-related difficulties in social situations, such as using scripts and copying others from carefully watching other people; (2) “masking” one’s autistic characteristics, by constantly monitoring one’s own behaviours (e.g., eye contact, facial expression, gesture) to present a non-autistic persona to others; and (3) “assimilation”, which captures behavioural strategies used to fit in better with others (e.g., forcing oneself to interact by putting on a performance and pretending). Hull et al. (2019) found that social camouflaging was significantly associated with poor mental health and well-being, consistent with a range of previous research (Cage and Troxell-Whitman 2019; Livingston et al. 2019; Allely 2019; Leedham et al. 2019; Au-Yeung et al. 2018; Camm-Crosbie et al. 2018; Cassidy et al. 2018c; Bargiela et al. 2016; Rynkiewicz et al. 2016; Rutherford et al. 2016).
Loneliness is a risk marker.
Loneliness is another risk factor in the general population that is consistently associated with suicidal ideation and behavior (McClelland et al., 2020; Shaw et al., 2021; Stickley & Koyanagi, 2016). A common misconception is that autistic individuals prefer social isolation (Mazurek, 2014). On the contrary, they often want to develop relationships but may experience social difficulties resulting in unfulfilled social needs (Bauminger et al., 2003; Ee et al., 2019; Hedley et al., 2018). This has been a topic of interest in recent studies (Hedley et al., 2018; Schiltz et al., 2021), and a recent systematic review reported various factors associated with increased loneliness in autistic adults such as autistic characteristics, negative experiences and learned helplessness, anxiety, and depression and suicidal ideation (Grace et al., 2022). We also expect to find an association between loneliness and increased suicidal behavior in our Dutch cohort. A recent study in this cohort revealed that autistic adults’ loneliness and stress levels remained stable over time but were consistently higher than those of non-autistic adults (Scheeren et al., 2022).
Thwarted belongingness and perceived burdensomeness are significantly correlated with lifetime suicidal behaviour.
Self-reported autistic traits in a non-clinical young adult sample were associated with suicidal thoughts and behaviours through thwarted belonging and perceived burdensomeness (Pelton and Cassidy 2017). This suggests that the IPTS could help explain why autistic people and those with high autistic traits are more likely to experience suicidal thoughts and suicidal behaviours.
All variables—autistic traits, camouflaging, depression, anxiety, thwarted belongingness, and perceived burdensomeness—were significantly correlated with lifetime suicidal behaviour (Table 1).
The association between self-reported autistic traits with lifetime suicidal thoughts and behaviours was significantly mediated by camouflaging and thwarted belonging.
Results from the current study bring together these findings, showing that the path from autistic traits to suicidality is driven by camouflaging one’s autistic traits leading to feelings of thwarted belonging.
The association between autistic traits and lifetime suicidal thoughts and behaviours was also significantly mediated by assimilation and thwarted belonging, suggesting that those with high autistic traits, tend to try and assimilate into social situations, which results in feelings of thwarted belonging and subsequently lifetime suicidal thoughts and behaviours.
Autistic people experience more life stressors than non-autistic people.
Autistic people experience more life stressors than non-autistic people leading to reduced coping, low mood, and suicidal thoughts. Promoting belonging, reducing anxiety, and understanding the role of movement could inform suicide prevention for autistic people.
One possibility is that being autistic represents a distal risk marker for suicide due to minority stress (Botha & Frost, 2020). As shown in Figure 1, being autistic could lead to multiple life stressors, making it more likely that an individual experiences anxiety and depression (Lever & Geurts, 2016), thwarted belonging, burdensomeness (Pelton et al., 2020b) and suicidal thoughts (Cassidy et al., 2014) than a non-autistic person. Empirical research supports this: autistic traits are a unique risk marker for suicidal thoughts and behaviors in autistic and non-autistic samples (Cassidy et al., 2022; Cassidy, Bradley, Shaw, et al., 2018; Pelton & Cassidy, 2017; Richards et al., 2019; Takara & Kondo, 2014; Upthegrove et al., 2018). Simple pathways have been described from (i) autistic traits through perceived burdensomeness and thwarted belonging (Pelton et al., 2020b); (ii) loneliness through depression (Hedley, Uljarević, Foley, et al., 2018); and (iii) social dissatisfaction and loneliness through perceived burdensomeness (Dow et al., 2021); to suicidal thoughts and behaviors for autistic adults.
Considering the study by Hirvikoski et al. (2016), I chose to study mental health and minority stress because people like me were (and still are) dying to suicide in their droves. To be clear, wanting a better future for my community is a value, and my work embodied it from the very beginning. I was propelled by values. How can you belong to a community who is actively suffering, and not want to make it better anyway that you can?
I found that exposure to minority stress does predict significantly worse well-being and higher psychological distress in the autistic community (Botha and Frost, 2020), including exposure to victimization and discrimination, everyday discrimination, expectation of rejection, expectation of rejection, outness (disclosure), concealment (masking of autism), internalized stigma, and it explains a large and significant proportion of the variance—in lay-man’s terms—the constant marginalization of autistic people is contributing to high rates of poor mental health. Aside from this, I noticed that despite being normally distributed (and not containing outliers), the mean psychological distress score was above the cut-off for indicating severe psychological distress (Kessler et al., 2003). Between the sadness of these findings and being exposed to all of these disturbing accounts of autism I considered (albeit briefly), giving up on academia all together without pursuing my Ph.D.
In the end, my thesis (Botha, 2020) showed that autistic community connectedness buffered against some of the effects of minority stress and was related to better mental health over time. Yet, I worry constantly that by trying to measure a function of autistic community connectedness, that I objectified it, in a way not dissimilar to the way people objectify autistic people—especially if others come to conflate the function of autistic community connectedness with its value. I studied autistic community connectedness, because I was worried that to only study minority stress would be to see only the worst of what happened to autistic people, and not appreciate our lives as a whole—which are much bigger than our trauma. But, to me, the numbers only explain a mechanism—the real joy, the real value, and the beauty of the autistic community was captured in my very first study. Autistic people talked about the autistic community with such a warmth, brightness, and with hope. The vibrant stories of belongingness, friendships, and political strength tell you exactly what you need to know about the value of such a community. This is something, that its function cannot, and should not even tell you.
Burnout and suicidality are linked.
The potential link between autistic burnout and suicidality deserves special mention. Autistic adults have higher rates of suicidal ideation and suicidal behaviors than the general population.35 Recent survey research suggests that both autism-specific and nonspecific factors may contribute to heightened suicide risk.33 Our qualitative data point to autistic burnout fitting within this framework. Some life stressors and barriers to support that comprise autistic burnout are relatively specific to the autistic experience (for instance, overload from sensory stimuli). Others are relatively nonspecific but may occur more frequently and with more severity for autistic adults than the general population (for instance, lack of resources and stress from life transitions). Suicide risk assessment and management of suicide risk may be integrated into any intervention related to autistic burnout.
Our data underscores the potential dangers of teaching autistic people to mask or suppress their autistic traits, or to push themselves to meet mainstream expectations. In addition, suicide prevention programs need to consider the potential role of burnout, as programs focused primarily on recognizing and treating depression or increasing social support may not adequately address an important pathway to suicide. Systems-level implications include reducing discrimination and stigma related to autism and disability, and working toward accommodations and acceptance to decrease the risk of autistic burnout.
Youth suicides are closely tied with in-person school attendance.
We show that suicides among 12-to-18-year-olds are highest during months of the school year and lowest during summer months (June through August) and also establish that areas with schools starting in early August experience increases in teen suicides in August, while areas with schools starting in September don’t see youth suicides rise until September. Second, we show that this seasonal pattern dramatically changed in 2020. Teen suicides plummeted in March 2020, when the COVID-19 pandemic began in the U.S. and remained low throughout the summer before rising in Fall 2020 when many K-12 schools returned to in-person instruction. Third, using county-level variation in school reopenings in Fall 2020 and Spring 2021—proxied by anonymized SafeGraph smartphone data on elementary and secondary school foot traffic—we find that returning from online to in-person schooling was associated with a 12-to-18 percent increase teen suicides. This result is robust to controls for seasonal effects and general lockdown effects (proxied by restaurant and bar foot traffic), and survives falsification tests using suicides among young adults ages 19-to-25. Auxiliary analyses using Google Trends queries and the Youth Risk Behavior Survey suggests that bullying victimization may be an important mechanism.
I’m sure most people assume I commonly prescribe medications as a physician, but one of my most common “prescriptions” is advocating for reducing school burden and load. In a 2013 American Psychological Association survey, 83 percent of adolescents stated that school was a cause or significant source of stress. In a 2017 survey of school leaders in the U.K., 82 percent reported increased mental health issues among primary school children during the time of national examinations. In studies in 2013 and 2015, scientists studying homework in the U.S. found that primary school children were averaging 30 minutes of such work per night, while high-performing secondary studentswere averaging more than three hours per night, at the cost of their physical health and schoolwork-life balance.
Children’s Risk of Suicide Increases on School Days | Scientific American
On weekdays and during school months, there is a significant elevation of suicide deaths in children.
Looking at the monthly data, we can see that this elevation is not trivial: during school months, the increase in pediatric suicides ranges between 30 and 43 percent. This is in sharp contrast with adults, where we see suicide rates typically peak in summer months.
Children’s Risk of Suicide Increases on School Days | Scientific American
Suicide rates among teenagers fell sharply when schools were closed during the Covid-19 lockdown, but rose again when in-person schooling resumed, according to a new study.
Returning from online to in-person education was associated with an increase in the rate of teen suicides of as much as 18%.
The results provide convincing evidence that “in-person schooling is a contributor to teen suicide,” researchers say, with exposure to bullying likely to be a key factor in the link.
Teen Suicides Fell During Lockdown, Rose When In-Person Schooling Resumed, Study Finds
“We consistently find that increased K-12 foot traffic is associated with a significant increase in teenage suicides,” the team reported, in a working paper published by the National Bureau of Economic Research.
Teen Suicides Fell During Lockdown, Rose When In-Person Schooling Resumed, Study Finds
“Our results suggest that changes in exposure to bullying, which has been documented to be an important trigger for teenage suicide, may be a key factor in the association between school calendars and teen suicide,” they conclude.
Teen Suicides Fell During Lockdown, Rose When In-Person Schooling Resumed, Study Finds
This study explores the effect of in-person schooling on youth suicide. We document three key findings. First, using data from the National Vital Statistics System from 1990-2019, we document the historical association between teen suicides and the school calendar. We show that suicides among 12-to-18-year-olds are highest during months of the school year and lowest during summer months (June through August) and also establish that areas with schools starting in early August experience increases in teen suicides in August, while areas with schools starting in September don’t see youth suicides rise until September. Second, we show that this seasonal pattern dramatically changed in 2020. Teen suicides plummeted in March 2020, when the COVID-19 pandemic began in the U.S. and remained low throughout the summer before rising in Fall 2020 when many K-12 schools returned to in-person instruction. Third, using county-level variation in school reopenings in Fall 2020 and Spring 2021—proxied by anonymized SafeGraph smartphone data on elementary and secondary school foot traffic—we find that returning from online to in-person schooling was associated with a 12-to-18 percent increase teen suicides. This result is robust to controls for seasonal effects and general lockdown effects (proxied by restaurant and bar foot traffic), and survives falsification tests using suicides among young adults ages 19-to-25. Auxiliary analyses using Google Trends queries and the Youth Risk Behavior Survey suggests that bullying victimization may be an important mechanism.
In-Person Schooling and Youth Suicide: Evidence From School Calendars and Pandemic School Closures
Bullying is associated with substantial increases in suicide risk.
While we cannot rule out other mechanisms, such as changes in parental support, our results suggest that changes in exposure to bullying, which has been documented to be an important trigger for teenage suicide (Rees, Sabia, and Kumpas 2022), may be a key factor in the association between school calendars and teen suicide.
For each measured of suicidality, bullying victimization is associated with much higher rates of suicidality. Respectively for teens who reported considering, planning and attempting suicide, bullying victimization is associated with a 269, 290, or 320 percent increase in the risk of suicide behaviors.
We find that a move from closed to fully in-person schooling is associated with a 103 percent (exp0.71 – 1) increase bullying queries, a 75 percent increase cyber bullying queries, and 182 percent increase in school bullying queries.
Unaccommodated monotropism and suicide susceptibility are correlated.
In fact, I have evidence as recent as December 5th, 2023, that proves unaccommodated monotropism with employment is an ever-present and serious problem. Between September and October, I was engaged in the back-and-forth of expressing a need for accommodations from my healthcare provider. We reached an impasse, and the strain was too much. On October 24th, I asked for supervisory intervention and submitted a request for specific accommodations. The first supervisor meeting seemed to go well, but the one on December 5th had a different effect.
As soon as the meeting concluded, my composure broke down. I felt an increasing need to panic, but I was not sure why. Before I left, I was near tears. Soon after I got home, other symptoms emerged. I lost the motivation to exhibit facial expressions. I experienced a loss of appetite and a diminished desire for social communication. Some of my reliable coping methods were ineffective. Worst of all, I had a total of two separate suicide ideations. One of them was a brief yet distinct plan. The first 24 hours were dreadful. This unrest took three days to subside.
Monotropism Employment Theory. Monotropism is a fundamental aspect of… | by Jim Irion | Medium
The emotional detachment I experienced during active employment, the indecisiveness, emptiness, or panic I feel when pressed to choose what employment to pursue, the probability of PTSD and persistence of suicide ideation in relation to employment decisions, the distress I feel when unemployed because I want to work, and the traumatizing stress from having no social or economic integration are conclusive proof of one thing. Not accommodating monotropism to connect us to employment interests can be dangerously disruptive to our overall quality of life.
Not having my monotropism accommodated with employment or my autism diagnosed sooner has cost me the single most important years of my life for socioeconomic development. Now, at age 42, instead of being a reasonably productive and socially integrated member of society, I find myself so far from being a part of it that when I go out in public, I see everyone around me like I used to as a suicide attempt survivor: as if I do not belong here. Every day, I struggle to have the will to live. In spite of all this, I want to work. I just want to have a life.
Monotropism Employment Theory. Monotropism is a fundamental aspect of… | by Jim Irion | Medium
Discussing suicide as an autistic person is a trap.
A simple mention of the word suicide will often draw stares of concern in public. Most anywhere else, it will create consternation in spite of the best of intentions. Unfortunately, some also believe the only proper place a person has a right to discuss suicide is in mental health care. This stigma perpetuates our silence. I am here to tell you that it is not safe for autistic people to talk about suicide openly. Sometimes, not even with professionals. It depends on the situation and the people. Discussion of suicide requires compassion and patience that even the average mental health professional does not always have. This makes finding someone to talk to very difficult. It is time to look behind the mask of autism to see why it is risky and what can be done to help.
Sooner or later, the average person will come across professional data claiming to be a list of suicide warning signs. Just as I was starting to write this, I found such a list on Twitter, thanks to one of my followers. The image filled me with dread and reminders of how perilous it has been for me, as an autistic suicide attempt survivor, to express myself. It is nothing new.Misrepresentation of suicide survivors has been going on for decades. Using the words warning signs gives the impression that we are not people. We are reduced to a nameless list of supposed red flags. When someone sees such an inflammatory word as a warning, they can also easily misunderstand and, worse, overreact. It hurts autistic suicide survivors the most.
Last summer, as I was struggling with the trauma of my late autism diagnosis, I found research that changed my life. Thanks to Kieran Rose’s video summary of the Double Empathy Problem Theory, I found the evidence for why I was repeatedly having communication issues. At the heart of the problem is what Dr. Damian Milton refers to as the double empathy gap. The greater the difference between communication styles, the more likely that misunderstandings will occur. Autistic people are disproportionately affected by this. We have a different neurotype, which means we naturally communicate differently, whether we are aware of it or not. Since autism is not widely understood or accepted, problems are more likely to occur when we express ourselves. Suicidality is also very intense and problematic to discuss. I learned both firsthand.
Discussing Suicide as an Autistic Person Is a Trap | by Jim Irion | The Unexpected Autistic Life | Sep, 2024 | Medium
You might not be prepared to handle how we express ourselves. Suicidality is very intense and problematic to discuss, especially for autistic people. It may seem as if we expect to die. We just want to live. By being compassionate andpatient, you will give us the chance to explain what we say or need. Please do not overreact. What my care provider did when they discharged me was illegal. We are powerless if no one steps up to help. We are not asking for accommodations because we want attention. We are being honest and genuine because support is needed. All we want is a happy and fulfilling life. Be there for us when we succeed because, with the right assistance, we will. On behalf of the autism community worldwide, I want to thank you very much for taking the time to read this.
Discussing Suicide as an Autistic Person Is a Trap | by Jim Irion | The Unexpected Autistic Life | Sep, 2024 | Medium
Survivors are primary sources.
In formal research terms, suicide attempt survivors are primary sources. We have lived through attempts at suicide and survived. There is no substitute for what we experience. Acts of suicide are deeply psychologically traumatizing. Your perception of reality has forever changed. This makes survivors the best source of experience for preventing suicide. Memories of what led to our attempts are seared into our minds.
Survivors Are the Key, Part 2. In formal research terms, suicide… | by Jim Irion | The Unexpected Autistic Life | Sep, 2024 | Medium
- Suicide Prevention Is Possible, Part 1 | by Jim Irion | The Unexpected Autistic Life | Sep, 2024 | Medium
- Survivors Are the Key, Part 2. In formal research terms, suicide… | by Jim Irion | The Unexpected Autistic Life | Sep, 2024 | Medium
- Fixing Stories of Survival, Part 3 | by Jim Irion | The Unexpected Autistic Life | Sep, 2024 | Medium
Resources
- We Have a Duty to Find, Assess, and Support Twice-Exceptional Students
- Risk markers for suicidality in autistic adults | Molecular Autism | Full Text
- A systematic review and meta-analysis of suicidality in autistic and possibly autistic people without co-occurring intellectual disability | Molecular Autism | Full Text
- Children’s Risk of Suicide Increases on School Days | Scientific American
- Teen Suicides Fell During Lockdown, Rose When In-Person Schooling Resumed, Study Finds
- In-Person Schooling and Youth Suicide: Evidence From School Calendars and Pandemic School Closures
- Is Camouflaging Autistic Traits Associated with Suicidal Thoughts and Behaviours? Expanding the Interpersonal Psychological Theory of Suicide in an Undergraduate Student Sample – PubMed
- Unrelenting Depression and Suicidality in Women with Autistic Traits | Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders
- Suicidal Thoughts and Behaviors Among Children and Adolescents With Autism Spectrum Disorder | Pediatrics | JAMA Pediatrics | JAMA Network
- Assessing suicidal thoughts and behaviors and nonsuicidal self-injury in autistic and non-autistic early adolescents using the Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale – Jessica M Schwartzman, Rachael A Muscatello, Blythe A Corbett, 2023
- Self-Harm Events and Suicide Deaths Among Autistic Individuals in Ontario, Canada | Psychiatry and Behavioral Health | JAMA Network Open | JAMA Network
- Relationship between autism spectrum disorder and suicide: a narrative review | Erdt | Psychiatria (Psychiatry)
- The role of anxiety and depression in suicidal thoughts for autistic and non‐autistic people: A theory‐driven network analysis – Pelton – 2023 – Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior – Wiley Online Library
- Why Are Autistic People More Likely to Experience Suicidal Thoughts? Applying the Integrated Motivational–Volitional Model with Autistic Adults | Autism in Adulthood
- Frontiers | The experiences of autistic doctors: a cross-sectional study
- In-Person Schooling and Youth Suicide: Evidence from School Calendars and Pandemic School Closures | NBER
- “Having All of Your Internal Resources Exhausted Beyond Measure and Being Left with No Clean-Up Crew”: Defining Autistic Burnout | Autism in Adulthood
- Monotropism Employment Theory. Monotropism is a fundamental aspect of… | by Jim Irion | Medium
- Occurrence and predictors of lifetime suicidality and suicidal ideation in autistic adults – J van Bentum, M Sijbrandij, M Huibers, S Begeer, 2024
