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class=\"wp-block-pullquote\"><blockquote><p>Om vi har r\u00e4tt \u00e4r <strong>monotropism<\/strong> en av de viktigaste id\u00e9erna som kr\u00e4vs f\u00f6r att f\u00f6rst\u00e5 autism, tillsammans med den <strong>\n  <a href=\"https:\/\/kids.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/frym.2021.554875\">dubbla empatiproblemet<\/a>\n<\/strong> och <strong>\n  <a href=\"https:\/\/reframingautism.org.au\/introduction-to-autism-part-5-neurodiversity-what-is-it-and-why-do-we-care\/\">neurodiversitet<\/a>\n<\/strong>. Monotropism g\u00f6r m\u00e5nga autistiska upplevelser begripliga p\u00e5 individniv\u00e5. Det dubbla empatiproblemet f\u00f6rklarar de missf\u00f6rst\u00e5nd som uppst\u00e5r mellan m\u00e4nniskor som bearbetar v\u00e4rlden p\u00e5 olika s\u00e4tt, och som ofta misstas f\u00f6r bristande empati fr\u00e5n autistisk sida. Neurodiversitet beskriver den plats som autistiska personer och andra &#8220;neurominoriteter&#8221; har i samh\u00e4llet.<\/p><cite><a href=\"https:\/\/monotropism.org\/\">Monotropism &#8211; V\u00e4lkommen<\/a><\/cite><\/blockquote><\/figure>\n\n<p>Monotropism och det dubbla empatiproblemet \u00e4r tv\u00e5 av de st\u00f6rsta och viktigaste sakerna som har h\u00e4nt inom autismforskningen. I de tv\u00e5 f\u00f6reg\u00e5ende numren av Guide to the NeurodiVerse,<a href=\"https:\/\/stimpunks.org\/2023\/05\/15\/stimpunks-guide-to-the-neurodiverse-issue-4-from-an-ivory-tower-built-on-sand-to-open-participatory-emancipatory-activist-research\/\">&#8220;From an Ivory Tower Built on Sand to Open, Participatory, Emancipatory, Activist Research<\/a>&#8221; och<a href=\"https:\/\/stimpunks.org\/2023\/05\/04\/stimpunks-guide-to-the-neurodiverse-issue-3-mental-health-and-epistemic-justice\/\">&#8220;Mental Health and Epistemic Justice<\/a>&#8220;, tog vi itu med n\u00e5gra d\u00e5liga trender inom autismforskningen. I det h\u00e4r numret hyllar vi tv\u00e5 trender som g\u00f6r r\u00e4tt.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-introducing-monotropism-and-the-double-empathy-problem\">Introduktion till monotropism och problemet med dubbel empati<\/h2>\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p id=\"htoc-monotropism-is-a-theory-of-autism-developed-by-autistic-people-initially-by-dinah-murray-and-wenn-lawson-monotropic-minds-tend-to-have-their-attention-pulled-more-strongly-towards-a-smaller-number-of-interests-at-any-given-time-leaving-fewer-resources-for-other-processes-we-argue-that-this-can-explain-nearly-all-of-the-features-commonly-associated-with-autism-directly-or-indirectly-however-you-do-not-need-to-accept-it-as-a-general-theory-of-autism-in-order-for-it-to-be-a-useful-description-of-common-autistic-experiences-and-how-to-work-with-them\">Monotropism \u00e4r en teori om autism som utvecklats av autistiska personer, f\u00f6rst av <a href=\"https:\/\/monotropism.org\/dinah\/\">Dinah Murray<\/a> och <a href=\"http:\/\/www.buildsomethingpositive.com\/wenn\/\">Wenn Lawson<\/a>.<br\/><br\/>Monotropa sinnen tenderar att f\u00e5 sin uppm\u00e4rksamhet starkare riktad mot ett mindre antal intressen vid varje given tidpunkt, vilket ger mindre resurser f\u00f6r andra processer. Vi h\u00e4vdar att detta kan f\u00f6rklara n\u00e4stan alla de egenskaper som vanligtvis f\u00f6rknippas med autism, direkt eller indirekt. Man beh\u00f6ver dock inte acceptera den som en allm\u00e4n teori om autism f\u00f6r att den ska vara en anv\u00e4ndbar beskrivning av vanliga autistiska upplevelser och hur man kan arbeta med dem.<\/p>\n<cite><a href=\"https:\/\/monotropism.org\/\">V\u00e4lkommen &#8211; Monotropism<\/a><\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p id=\"htoc-in-simple-terms-the-double-empathy-problem-refers-to-a-breakdown-in-mutual-understanding-that-can-happen-between-any-two-people-and-hence-a-problem-for-both-parties-to-contend-with-yet-more-likely-to-occur-when-people-of-very-differing-dispositions-attempt-to-interact-within-the-context-of-exchanges-between-autistic-and-non-autistic-people-however-the-locus-of-the-problem-has-traditionally-been-seen-to-reside-in-the-brain-of-the-autistic-person-this-results-in-autism-being-primarily-framed-in-terms-of-a-social-communication-disorder-rather-than-interaction-between-autistic-and-non-autistic-people-as-a-primarily-mutual-and-interpersonal-issue1\">Enkelt uttryckt inneb\u00e4r det &#8220;dubbla empatiproblemet&#8221; en bristande \u00f6msesidig f\u00f6rst\u00e5else (som kan intr\u00e4ffa mellan tv\u00e5 m\u00e4nniskor) och d\u00e4rmed ett problem f\u00f6r b\u00e5da parter att hantera, men som \u00e4r mer sannolikt n\u00e4r m\u00e4nniskor med mycket olika l\u00e4ggning f\u00f6rs\u00f6ker interagera. N\u00e4r det g\u00e4ller utbyten mellan autistiska och icke-autistiska personer har man dock traditionellt sett att problemet ligger i den autistiska personens hj\u00e4rna. Detta resulterar i att autism i f\u00f6rsta hand betraktas som en st\u00f6rning i den sociala kommunikationen, snarare \u00e4n att interaktionen mellan autistiska och icke-autistiska personer i f\u00f6rsta hand \u00e4r en \u00f6msesidig och interpersonell fr\u00e5ga.<\/p>\n<cite><a href=\"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/13623613221129123\">Det &#8220;dubbla empatiproblemet&#8221;: tio \u00e5r senare &#8211; Damian Milton, Emine Gurbuz, Betriz Lopez, 2022<\/a><\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n<p>Dessa tv\u00e5 videor, som sammanlagt tar mindre \u00e4n 10 minuter, \u00e4r underbara s\u00e4tt att komma i kontakt med modern autismforskning.<\/p>\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns alignwide are-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-28f84493 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<span class=\"embed-youtube\" style=\"text-align:center; display: block;\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" class=\"youtube-player\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/qpXwYD9bGyU?version=3&#038;rel=1&#038;showsearch=0&#038;showinfo=1&#038;iv_load_policy=1&#038;fs=1&#038;hl=sv-SE&#038;autohide=2&#038;wmode=transparent\" allowfullscreen=\"true\" style=\"border:0;\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts allow-same-origin allow-popups allow-presentation allow-popups-to-escape-sandbox\"><\/iframe><\/span>\n<\/div><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">An introduction to the double empathy problem<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<span class=\"embed-youtube\" style=\"text-align:center; display: block;\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" class=\"youtube-player\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/qUFDAevkd3E?version=3&#038;rel=1&#038;showsearch=0&#038;showinfo=1&#038;iv_load_policy=1&#038;fs=1&#038;hl=sv-SE&#038;autohide=2&#038;wmode=transparent\" allowfullscreen=\"true\" style=\"border:0;\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts allow-same-origin allow-popups allow-presentation allow-popups-to-escape-sandbox\"><\/iframe><\/span>\n<\/div><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">An introduction to monotropism<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<p>Att f\u00f6rst\u00e5 monotropism och det dubbla empatiproblemet hj\u00e4lper dig att g\u00f6ra saker r\u00e4tt, ist\u00e4llet f\u00f6r fel, n\u00e4r du interagerar med autistiska personer.<\/p>\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p id=\"htoc-if-an-autistic-person-is-pulled-out-of-monotropic-flow-too-quickly-it-causes-our-sensory-systems-to-disregulate\">Om en autistisk person dras ut ur det monotropa fl\u00f6det f\u00f6r snabbt f\u00e5r det v\u00e5ra sensoriska system att st\u00f6ra.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p id=\"htoc-this-in-turn-triggers-us-into-emotional-dysregulation-and-we-quickly-find-ourselves-in-a-state-ranging-from-uncomfortable-to-grumpy-to-angry-or-even-triggered-into-a-meltdown-or-a-shutdown1\">Detta leder i sin tur till k\u00e4nslom\u00e4ssig dysreglering och vi hamnar snabbt i ett tillst\u00e5nd som varierar fr\u00e5n obekv\u00e4mt, till grinig, till arg, eller till och med utl\u00f6ses av en h\u00e4rdsm\u00e4lta eller en nedst\u00e4ngning.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p id=\"htoc-this-reaction-is-also-often-classed-as-challenging-behavior-when-really-it-is-an-expression-of-distress-caused-by-the-behavior-of-those-around-us1\">Denna reaktion klassas ocks\u00e5 ofta som ett utmanande beteende n\u00e4r den egentligen \u00e4r ett uttryck f\u00f6r \u00e5ngest som orsakas av beteendet hos de m\u00e4nniskor som finns runt omkring oss.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p id=\"htoc-how-you-can-get-things-wrong1\">Hur man kan g\u00f6ra fel:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Inte f\u00f6rbereder sig f\u00f6r \u00f6verg\u00e5ngen<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>F\u00f6r m\u00e5nga instruktioner<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Att tala f\u00f6r snabbt<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Att inte till\u00e5ta handl\u00e4ggningstid.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Anv\u00e4ndning av kr\u00e4vande spr\u00e5k<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Anv\u00e4ndning av bel\u00f6ningar eller bestraffningar<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>D\u00e5liga sensoriska milj\u00f6er<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>D\u00e5liga kommunikationsmilj\u00f6er<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Att g\u00f6ra antaganden<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Brist p\u00e5 insiktsfull och informerad reflektion hos personalen.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<cite><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=qUFDAevkd3E&amp;t=224s\">En introduktion till monotropism &#8211; YouTube<\/a><\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-pullquote\"><blockquote><p>L\u00e5t mig s\u00e4ga detta i klara ordalag: om du inte f\u00f6rst\u00e5r problemet med dubbel empati har du ingen anledning att skriva <em>n\u00e5got alls<\/em> om autism f\u00f6r allm\u00e4n konsumtion. Det beror inte p\u00e5 att du \u00e4r en d\u00e5lig m\u00e4nniska &#8211; det beror p\u00e5 att du har missat <a href=\"https:\/\/noncompliantpodcast.com\/2020\/01\/04\/we-need-much-better-standards-of-research-in-autism-intervention-an-interview-with-dr-damian-milton\/amp\/\">\n  <strong>det viktigaste memot<\/strong>\n<\/a> inom autismforskningen p\u00e5 \u00e5rtionden.<\/p><cite><a href=\"https:\/\/coda.io\/@mykola-bilokonsky\/public-neurodiversity-support-center\/how-to-talk-about-autism-respectfully-84\">Hur man pratar om autism p\u00e5 ett respektfullt s\u00e4tt: En f\u00e4ltguide f\u00f6r journalister, l\u00e4rare, l\u00e4kare och alla andra som vill veta hur man b\u00e4ttre kan kommunicera om autism<\/a><\/cite><\/blockquote><\/figure>\n\n<p>Nedan f\u00f6ljer utdrag ur studier, b\u00f6cker och samh\u00e4llsresurser om dessa tv\u00e5 mycket viktiga \u00e4mnen.<\/p>\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-ht-block-toc is-style-rounded htoc htoc--position-wide toc-list-style-plain\" data-htoc-state=\"expanded\"><span class=\"htoc__title\"><span class=\"ht_toc_title\">Table of Contents<\/span><span class=\"htoc__toggle\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\"><g fill=\"#444\"><path d=\"M15 7H1c-.6 0-1 .4-1 1s.4 1 1 1h14c.6 0 1-.4 1-1s-.4-1-1-1z\"><\/path><path d=\"M15 1H1c-.6 0-1 .4-1 1s.4 1 1 1h14c.6 0 1-.4 1-1s-.4-1-1-1zM15 13H1c-.6 0-1 .4-1 1s.4 1 1 1h14c.6 0 1-.4 1-1s-.4-1-1-1z\"><\/path><\/g><\/svg><\/span><\/span><div class=\"htoc__itemswrap\"><ul class=\"ht_toc_list\"><li class=\"\"><a href=\"#h-monotropism\">Monotropism<\/a><ul class=\"ht_toc_child_list\"><li class=\"\"><a href=\"#h-understanding-how-autistic-pupils-experience-secondary-school-autism-criteria-theory-and-fame\">Understanding how autistic pupils experience secondary school: autism criteria, theory and FAMe<\/a><\/li><li class=\"\"><a href=\"#h-me-and-monotropism-a-unified-theory-of-autism\">Me and Monotropism: A unified theory of autism<\/a><\/li><li class=\"\"><a href=\"#h-monotropism-an-interest-based-account-of-autism\">Monotropism: An Interest-Based Account of Autism<\/a><\/li><li class=\"\"><a href=\"#h-autistic-children-and-intense-interests-the-key-to-their-educational-nbsp-inclusion\">Autistic children and intense interests: the key to their educational&nbsp;inclusion?<\/a><\/li><li class=\"\"><a href=\"#h-inclusive-education-for-autistic-children\">Inclusive Education for Autistic Children<\/a><\/li><li class=\"\"><a href=\"#h-autism-intense-interests-and-support-in-school-from-wasted-efforts-to-shared-understandings\">Autism, intense interests and support in school: from wasted efforts to shared understandings<\/a><\/li><li class=\"\"><a href=\"#h-the-passionate-mind-how-people-with-autism-learn\">The Passionate Mind: How People with Autism Learn<\/a><\/li><li class=\"\"><a href=\"#h-learning-from-autistic-teachers\">Learning From Autistic Teachers<\/a><\/li><li class=\"\"><a href=\"#h-the-monotropism-questionnaire\">The Monotropism Questionnaire<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class=\"\"><a href=\"#h-double-empathy-problem\">Double Empathy Problem<\/a><ul class=\"ht_toc_child_list\"><li class=\"\"><a href=\"#h-from-finding-a-voice-to-being-understood-exploring-the-double-empathy-problem\">From finding a voice to being understood: exploring the double empathy problem<\/a><\/li><li class=\"\"><a href=\"#htoc-autism-and-the-double-empathy-problem-conversations-on-empathy\">Autism and the \u2018double empathy problem\u2019 | Conversations on Empathy<\/a><\/li><li class=\"\"><a href=\"#h-the-double-empathy-problem-ten-years-on\">The \u2018double empathy problem\u2019: Ten years on<\/a><\/li><li class=\"\"><a href=\"#h-autism-and-the-double-empathy-problem\">Autism and the \u2018double empathy problem\u2019<\/a><\/li><li class=\"\"><a href=\"#h-double-empathy-why-autistic-people-are-often-misunderstood\">Double Empathy: Why Autistic People Are Often Misunderstood<\/a><\/li><li class=\"\"><a href=\"#h-practitioner-experience-of-the-impact-of-humanistic-methods-on-autism-practice-a-preliminary-study\">Practitioner experience of the impact of humanistic methods on autism practice : a preliminary study<\/a><\/li><li class=\"\"><a href=\"#h-a-mismatch-of-salience\">A Mismatch of Salience<\/a><\/li><li class=\"\"><a href=\"#h-the-problem-with-autistic-communication-is-non-autistic-people-a-conversation-with-dr-catherine-crompton\">The Problem With Autistic Communication Is Non-Autistic People: A Conversation With Dr. Catherine Crompton<\/a><\/li><li class=\"\"><a href=\"#h-the-double-empathy-problem\">The Double Empathy Problem<\/a><\/li><li class=\"\"><a href=\"#h-diversity-in-social-intelligence\">Diversity in Social Intelligence<\/a><\/li><li class=\"\"><a href=\"#h-neurotype-matching-but-not-being-autistic-influences-self-and-observer-ratings-of-interpersonal-rapport\">Neurotype-Matching, but Not Being Autistic, Influences Self and Observer Ratings of Interpersonal Rapport<\/a><\/li><li class=\"\"><a href=\"#htoc-the-belief-in-a-theory-of-mind-is-a-disability\">The belief in a theory of mind is a disability<\/a><\/li><li class=\"\"><a href=\"#h-neurotypical-psychotherapists-amp-autistic-clients\">Neurotypical Psychotherapists &amp; Autistic Clients<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-monotropism\">Monotropism<\/h2>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-understanding-how-autistic-pupils-experience-secondary-school-autism-criteria-theory-and-fame\">F\u00f6rst\u00e5 hur autistiska elever upplever gymnasieskolan: autismkriterier, teori och FAMe<\/h3>\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p id=\"htoc-in-monotropism-theory-it-is-proposed-that-there-exists-a-limited-amount-of-attention-available-to-anyone-at-any-given-time-that-may-either-be-broadly-distributed-over-many-interests-or-concentrated-on-a-few-interests-and-that-differences-in-the-spread-of-attention-available-to-individuals-follow-a-normal-distribution-pattern-across-the-entire-human-population-murray-et-al-2005-seen-in-this-way-monotropism-is-not-a-model-of-autism-as-such-but-a-theory-about-human-beings-in-which-autism-has-a-natural-role-lesser-cited-in-burne-2005-thus-according-to-monotropism-theory-the-difference-between-autistic-and-non-autistic-is-in-the-strategies-employed-in-the-distribution-of-scarce-attention-i-e-it-is-the-difference-between-having-few-interests-highly-aroused-the-monotropic-tendency-autistic-and-having-many-interests-less-highly-aroused-the-polytropic-tendency-non-autistic-murray-et-al-2005-p-140-monotropism-theory-therefore-meets-the-unique-to-autism-criteria-for-good-theory-proposed-by-rajendran-and-mitchell-2007-p-224\">I monotropismteorin f\u00f6resl\u00e5s att det finns en begr\u00e4nsad m\u00e4ngd uppm\u00e4rksamhet tillg\u00e4nglig f\u00f6r alla vid varje given tidpunkt, som antingen kan vara brett f\u00f6rdelad \u00f6ver m\u00e5nga intressen eller koncentrerad till ett f\u00e5tal intressen, och att skillnader i spridningen av uppm\u00e4rksamhet tillg\u00e4nglig f\u00f6r individer f\u00f6ljer ett normalt f\u00f6rdelningsm\u00f6nster \u00f6ver hela den m\u00e4nskliga befolkningen (Murray et al., 2005). Sett p\u00e5 detta s\u00e4tt &#8220;\u00e4r monotropism inte en modell f\u00f6r autism som s\u00e5dan&#8230;[but]&#8230;en teori om m\u00e4nskliga varelser, d\u00e4r autism har en naturlig roll&#8221; (Lesser, citerad i Burne, 2005). Enligt monotropismteorin ligger allts\u00e5 skillnaden mellan autistiska och icke-autistiska personer i de strategier som anv\u00e4nds f\u00f6r att f\u00f6rdela den knappa uppm\u00e4rksamheten, dvs. &#8220;det \u00e4r skillnaden mellan att ha f\u00e5 intressen starkt uppv\u00e4ckta, den <em>monotropiska <\/em>tendensen  [autistic], och att ha m\u00e5nga intressen mindre upphetsade, den <em>polytropiska <\/em>tendensen  [non-autistic]&#8221; (Murray et al., 2005, s.140). Monotropismteorin uppfyller d\u00e4rf\u00f6r de kriterier f\u00f6r &#8220;unik&#8221; till autism som Rajendran och Mitchell (2007, s. 224) f\u00f6resl\u00e5r f\u00f6r en &#8220;bra&#8221; teori.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p id=\"htoc-unlike-many-theories-which-appear-to-me-to-offer-no-practical-real-life-benefit-to-the-autistic-community-monotropism-theory-is-used-to-propose-a-heuristic-guide-to-facilitate-positive-engagement-with-autistic-individuals-ibid-p-153-in-addition-distinct-from-all-other-cognitive-theories-monotropism-theory-places-value-on-the-input-of-autistic-voices-milton-2012-the-original-article-murray-et-al-2005-is-rich-with-descriptive-accounts-of-autistic-experiences-for-which-theoretical-explanations-of-the-cognitive-mechanisms-at-work-are-proposed\">Till skillnad fr\u00e5n m\u00e5nga andra teorier, som (enligt mig) inte verkar ha n\u00e5gon praktisk nytta f\u00f6r autister, anv\u00e4nds monotropismteorin f\u00f6r att f\u00f6resl\u00e5 en heuristisk guide f\u00f6r att underl\u00e4tta positivt engagemang med autistiska individer (ibid, s.153). Monotropismteorin skiljer sig dessutom fr\u00e5n alla andra kognitiva teorier genom att den v\u00e4rdes\u00e4tter autistiska r\u00f6ster (Milton, 2012). Originalartikeln (Murray et al., 2005) \u00e4r rik p\u00e5 beskrivningar av autistiska upplevelser, f\u00f6r vilka man f\u00f6resl\u00e5r teoretiska f\u00f6rklaringar av de kognitiva mekanismer som \u00e4r verksamma.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p id=\"htoc-the-authors-demonstrate-how-monotropism-theory-provides-potential-explanation-for-all-aspects-of-the-diagnostic-criteria-dsm-5-2013-and-offers-an-alternative-difference-in-autistic-processing-account-for-the-cognitive-difficulties-previously-hypothesised-to-be-affected-by-deficits-in-theory-of-mind-empathy-executive-functioning-and-central-coherence-milton-2011-2012-these-earlier-theories-made-assumptions-based-upon-interpretations-of-observed-behavioural-traits-ibid-with-no-reference-to-how-it-is-to-be-autistic-from-the-inside-according-to-how-it-is-experienced-williams-1996-p-14\">F\u00f6rfattarna visar hur monotropismteorin ger en potentiell f\u00f6rklaring till alla aspekter av diagnoskriterierna (DSM-5, 2013) och erbjuder ett alternativ f\u00f6r att f\u00f6rklara de kognitiva sv\u00e5righeter som tidigare antagits p\u00e5verkas av autistisk bearbetning  <em>underskott  <\/em>i theory of mind (empati), exekutiva funktioner och central koherens (Milton, 2011; 2012). Dessa tidigare teorier gjorde antaganden baserade p\u00e5 tolkningar av observerade beteendedrag (ibid) utan n\u00e5gon h\u00e4nvisning till hur det &#8220;\u00e4r&#8221; att vara autistisk &#8220;fr\u00e5n insidan enligt hur det upplevs&#8221; (Williams, 1996, s.14).  <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p id=\"htoc-monotropism-is-the-first-theory-of-autism-to-attempt-to-draw-on-subjective-autistic-experience-milton-2012-furthermore-whilst-n-one-of-the-three-dominant-cognitive-theories-of-autism-seek-to-explain-the-sensory-aspects-of-autism-chown-2017-p-235-also-absent-from-e-s-theory-monotropism-theory-provides-credible-explanation-for-the-sensory-hyper-and-hypo-sensitivities-described-by-autistic-authors-e-g-blackburn-2000-grandin-2006-lawson-2014-documented-by-bogdashina-2016-and-included-in-the-revised-diagnostic-criteria-dsm-5-2013-thus-monotropism-theory-also-potentially-meets-the-specificity-and-universality-criteria-for-good-autism-theory-rajendran-and-mitchell-2007-p-224-as-well-as-that-of-uniqueness\">Monotropism \u00e4r den f\u00f6rsta teorin om autism som f\u00f6rs\u00f6ker bygga p\u00e5 subjektiv autistisk erfarenhet (Milton, 2012). \u00c4ven om &#8220;[n]\u00e5gon av de tre dominerande kognitiva teorierna om autism f\u00f6rs\u00f6ker f\u00f6rklara de sensoriska aspekterna av autism&#8221; (Chown, 2017, s. 235), som ocks\u00e5 saknas i E-S-teorin, ger monotropismteorin en trov\u00e4rdig f\u00f6rklaring till de sensoriska hyper- och hypok\u00e4nsligheter som beskrivs av autistiska f\u00f6rfattare (t.ex. Blackburn, 2000; Grandin, 2006; Lawson, 2014), dokumenteras av Bogdashina (2016) och ing\u00e5r i de reviderade diagnoskriterierna (DSM-5, 2013). Monotropismteorin uppfyller s\u00e5ledes potentiellt \u00e4ven kriterierna &#8220;specificitet&#8221; och &#8220;universalitet&#8221; f\u00f6r en &#8220;bra&#8221; autismteori (Rajendran och Mitchell, 2007, s.224), samt kriteriet &#8220;unikhet&#8221;.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p id=\"htoc-in-my-opinion-including-an-explanation-of-the-sensory-differences-experienced-by-autistic-individuals-is-essential-if-the-non-autistic-population-are-going-to-be-enabled-to-achieve-a-comprehensive-understanding-of-autism-and-be-better-able-to-identify-and-offer-appropriate-forms-of-support-this-view-is-supported-by-chown-and-beardon-2017-who-suggest-that-good-autism-theory-must-be-capable-of-explaining-the-cognitive-and-sensory-differences-p-7-in-monotropism-theory-it-is-suggested-that-with-monotropic-hyper-focus-comes-a-general-lack-of-awareness-of-one-s-environment-and-thus-a-hypo-sensitivity-to-sensory-stimuli-outside-the-attention-tunnel-because-large-areas-of-potential-information-are-not-registered-murray-et-al-2005-this-coupled-with-a-lack-of-preparedness-for-interruption-results-in-hyper-sensitivity-to-unexpected-sensory-stimuli-as-an-autistic-individual-who-experiences-both-hyper-and-hypo-sensitivity-to-noise-particularly-when-task-focused-this-explanation-seems-highly-plausible-to-me\">Enligt min mening \u00e4r det n\u00f6dv\u00e4ndigt att inkludera en f\u00f6rklaring av de sensoriska skillnader som autistiska individer upplever om den icke-autistiska befolkningen ska kunna uppn\u00e5 en omfattande f\u00f6rst\u00e5else av autism och b\u00e4ttre kunna identifiera och erbjuda l\u00e4mpliga former av st\u00f6d. Denna uppfattning st\u00f6ds av Chown och Beardon (2017) som menar att en &#8220;bra&#8221; autismteori m\u00e5ste &#8220;kunna f\u00f6rklara de kognitiva och sensoriska skillnaderna&#8221; (s.7). I monotropismteorin f\u00f6resl\u00e5s att monotropisk hyperfokusering medf\u00f6r en allm\u00e4n brist p\u00e5 medvetenhet om ens omgivning och d\u00e4rmed en hypok\u00e4nslighet f\u00f6r sensoriska stimuli utanf\u00f6r uppm\u00e4rksamhetstunneln, eftersom stora omr\u00e5den med potentiell information inte registreras (Murray et al., 2005). Detta, i kombination med bristande beredskap f\u00f6r avbrott, leder till \u00f6verk\u00e4nslighet f\u00f6r ov\u00e4ntade sensoriska stimuli. Som en autistisk person som upplever b\u00e5de hyper- och hypok\u00e4nslighet f\u00f6r buller, s\u00e4rskilt n\u00e4r man fokuserar p\u00e5 en uppgift, verkar den h\u00e4r f\u00f6rklaringen mycket trolig f\u00f6r mig.  <\/p>\n<cite><a href=\"http:\/\/shura.shu.ac.uk\/23231\/1\/leatherland_2018_phd_UnderstandingHowAutistic.pdf\">F\u00f6rst\u00e5 hur autistiska elever upplever gymnasieskolan: autismkriterier, teori och FAMe<\/a><\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-me-and-monotropism-a-unified-theory-of-autism\">Jag och monotropism: En enhetlig teori om autism<\/h3>\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p id=\"htoc-monotropism-provides-a-far-more-comprehensive-explanation-for-autistic-cognition-than-any-of-its-competitors-so-it-has-been-good-to-see-it-finally-starting-to-get-more-recognition-among-psychologists-as-in-sue-fletcher-watson-s-keynote-talk-at-the-2018-autistica-conference-in-a-nutshell-monotropism-is-the-tendency-for-our-interests-to-pull-us-in-more-strongly-than-most-people-it-rests-on-a-model-of-the-mind-as-an-interest-system-we-are-all-interested-in-many-things-and-our-interests-help-direct-our-attention-different-interests-are-salient-at-different-times-in-a-monotropic-mind-fewer-interests-tend-to-be-aroused-at-any-time-and-they-attract-more-of-our-processing-resources-making-it-harder-to-deal-with-things-outside-of-our-current-attention-tunnel1\"><strong>Monotropism ger en mycket mer omfattande f\u00f6rklaring till autistisk kognition \u00e4n n\u00e5gon av dess konkurrenter<\/strong>, s\u00e5 det har varit bra att se att den \u00e4ntligen b\u00f6rjar f\u00e5 mer erk\u00e4nnande bland psykologer (som i Sue Fletcher-Watsons huvudanf\u00f6rande vid Autistica-konferensen 2018). I ett n\u00f6tskal,  <strong>monotropism \u00e4r tendensen att v\u00e5ra intressen drar till sig oss starkare \u00e4n de flesta m\u00e4nniskors. Den vilar p\u00e5 en modell av hj\u00e4rnan som ett &#8220;intressesystem<\/strong>: Vi \u00e4r alla intresserade av m\u00e5nga saker, och v\u00e5ra intressen hj\u00e4lper oss att rikta v\u00e5r uppm\u00e4rksamhet. Olika intressen \u00e4r framtr\u00e4dande vid olika tidpunkter.  <strong>I ett monotropiskt sinne tenderar f\u00e4rre intressen att v\u00e4ckas n\u00e4r som helst, och de drar till sig mer av v\u00e5ra processresurser, vilket g\u00f6r det sv\u00e5rare att hantera saker som ligger utanf\u00f6r v\u00e5r aktuella uppm\u00e4rksamhetstunnel.<\/strong><\/p>\n<cite><a href=\"https:\/\/thepsychologist.bps.org.uk\/me-and-monotropism-unified-theory-autism\">Jag och monotropism: En enhetlig teori om autism | The Psychologist<\/a><\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p id=\"htoc-the-biggest-practical-thing-to-take-away-from-this-is-the-importance-of-meeting-the-child-or-adult-where-they-are-this-is-not-an-insight-unique-to-the-monotropism-perspective-but-nothing-else-i-ve-seen-demonstrates-with-such-clarity-why-it-s-so-crucial-treat-interests-as-something-to-work-with-recognise-what-someone-s-passionate-about-and-learn-how-to-become-part-of-the-attention-tunnels-which-come-with-monotropic-focus-rather-than-trying-to-just-reach-in-and-pull-the-person-out-of-the-flow-states-that-are-so-important-to-us-never-pathologise-special-interests-and-don-t-assume-that-autistic-interests-are-restricted-there-are-plenty-of-ways-to-get-us-interested-in-new-things-it-s-just-that-they-mostly-involve-taking-existing-interests-and-building-on-them\">Den st\u00f6rsta praktiska l\u00e4rdomen av detta \u00e4r vikten av att <em>m\u00f6ta barnet, eller den vuxne, d\u00e4r de befinner sig<\/em>. Detta \u00e4r inte en insikt som \u00e4r unik f\u00f6r monotropismperspektivet, men inget annat jag har sett visar med s\u00e5dan tydlighet varf\u00f6r det \u00e4r s\u00e5 avg\u00f6rande.  <strong>Behandla intressen som n\u00e5got att arbeta med.<\/strong> K\u00e4nn igen vad n\u00e5gon brinner f\u00f6r och l\u00e4r dig hur du kan bli en del av de <strong>uppm\u00e4rksamhetstunnlar som f\u00f6ljer med monotropiskt fokus<\/strong>, snarare \u00e4n att bara f\u00f6rs\u00f6ka n\u00e5 in och dra ut personen ur de fl\u00f6destillst\u00e5nd som \u00e4r s\u00e5 viktiga f\u00f6r oss.  <strong>Patologisera aldrig &#8220;specialintressen&#8221;<\/strong> och anta inte att autistiska intressen \u00e4r &#8220;begr\u00e4nsade&#8221; &#8211; det finns m\u00e5nga s\u00e4tt att f\u00e5 oss intresserade av nya saker, det \u00e4r bara det att de oftast handlar om att <strong>ta befintliga intressen och bygga vidare p\u00e5 dem<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<cite><a href=\"https:\/\/thepsychologist.bps.org.uk\/me-and-monotropism-unified-theory-autism\">Jag och monotropism: En enhetlig teori om autism | The Psychologist<\/a><\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-monotropism-an-interest-based-account-of-autism\">Monotropism: En intressebaserad redog\u00f6relse f\u00f6r autism<\/h3>\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p id=\"htoc-this-interest-model-of-mind-is-ecological-embodied-and-exploratory-instead-of-applying-emotionally-charged-values-to-categorize-humans-it-offers-a-more-objective-way-of-thinking-about-autistic-and-other-human-variations-it-does-not-pathologize-them-this-is-not-just-semantics-current-diagnostic-practice-stamps-rejected-on-the-core-nature-of-a-large-part-of-the-human-race-with-profound-repercussions-as-history-relates-if-we-attend-to-it\">Denna intressemodell f\u00f6r sinnet \u00e4r ekologisk, f\u00f6rkroppsligad och utforskande. Ist\u00e4llet f\u00f6r att anv\u00e4nda k\u00e4nslom\u00e4ssigt laddade v\u00e4rderingar f\u00f6r att kategorisera m\u00e4nniskor, erbjuder den ett mer objektivt s\u00e4tt att t\u00e4nka kring autistiska och andra m\u00e4nskliga variationer: den patologiserar dem inte. Detta \u00e4r inte bara semantik, nuvarande diagnostiska praxis st\u00e4mplar &#8220;Avvisad!&#8221; p\u00e5 k\u00e4rnan i en stor del av m\u00e4nskligheten, med djupg\u00e5ende \u00e5terverkningar, som historien ber\u00e4ttar om vi uppm\u00e4rksammar den.<\/p>\n<cite><a href=\"https:\/\/monotropism.org\/monotropism-2020\/\">Monotropism: En intressebaserad redog\u00f6relse f\u00f6r autism<\/a><\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-autistic-children-and-intense-interests-the-key-to-their-educational-nbsp-inclusion\">Autistiska barn och intensiva intressen: nyckeln till deras inkludering i skolan?<\/h3>\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p id=\"htoc-autistic-children-and-adults-are-often-described-as-obsessive-or-as-having-narrow-restricted-or-circumscribed-interests-and-when-this-trait-is-associated-with-being-fixated-or-very-repetitive-it-s-generally-considered-to-be-highly-undesirable-and-some-behaviour-interventions-actively-set-out-to-diminish-or-even-extinguish-these-fixations1\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/eprint\/9BS2x7p77frBWiHZ8fdd\/full?target=10.1080\/00131911.2019.1566213\">Autistiska barn och vuxna beskrivs ofta<\/a> som &#8220;tv\u00e5ngsm\u00e4ssiga&#8221; eller som att de har &#8220;sn\u00e4va&#8221;, &#8220;begr\u00e4nsade&#8221; eller &#8220;avgr\u00e4nsade&#8221; intressen. Och n\u00e4r detta drag f\u00f6rknippas med att vara &#8220;fixerad&#8221; eller mycket repetitiv anses det i allm\u00e4nhet vara mycket o\u00f6nskat, och vissa beteendeinterventioner syftar aktivt till att minska eller till och med &#8220;sl\u00e4cka&#8221; dessa &#8220;fixeringar&#8221;.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p id=\"htoc-in-fact-autistic-academics-such-as-dr-wenn-lawson-and-dr-dinah-murray-have-been-writing-and-speaking-about-this-for-over-two-decades-with-dr-damian-milton-fergus-murray-and-others-also-making-important-contributions-over-recent-years-framed-by-these-writers-as-monotropism-a-tendency-to-focus-on-certain-issues-or-activities-in-depth-to-the-exclusion-of-other-inputs-this-fundamental-autistic-trait-is-presented-much-more-positively-here-although-importantly-the-drawbacks-are-not-ignored1\">Faktum \u00e4r att autistiska akademiker som <a href=\"https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/8371670-the-passionate-mind\">Dr Wenn Lawson<\/a> och <a href=\"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1177\/1362361305051398\">Dr Dinah Murray<\/a> har skrivit och talat om detta i \u00f6ver tv\u00e5 decennier, med <a href=\"https:\/\/kar.kent.ac.uk\/62647\/\">Dr Damian Milton<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/thepsychologist.bps.org.uk\/me-and-monotropism-unified-theory-autism\">Fergus Murray<\/a> och andra som ocks\u00e5 gjort viktiga bidrag under de senaste \u00e5ren. Detta grundl\u00e4ggande autistiska drag, som av dessa f\u00f6rfattare beskrivs som &#8220;monotropism&#8221; &#8211; en tendens att fokusera p\u00e5 vissa fr\u00e5gor eller aktiviteter p\u00e5 djupet och utesluta andra input &#8211; presenteras mycket mer positivt h\u00e4r, \u00e4ven om nackdelarna inte ignoreras, vilket \u00e4r viktigt.<\/p>\n<cite><a href=\"https:\/\/woodbug.blog\/2019\/03\/27\/autistic-children-and-intense-interests-the-key-to-their-educational-inclusion\/\">Autistic children and intense interests: the key to their educational&nbsp;inclusion?<\/a><\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p id=\"htoc-the-autistic-children-in-my-study-were-turning-to-their-strong-interests-in-times-of-stress-or-anxiety-and-there-has-certainly-been-a-lot-of-research-which-shows-that-autistic-children-and-young-people-find-school-very-stressful-so-it-might-be-the-case-that-when-this-autistic-trait-is-manifested-negatively-in-school-it-is-a-direct-result-of-the-stresses-that-school-creates-in-the-first-instance\">&#8230;de autistiska barnen i min studie v\u00e4nde sig till sina starka intressen n\u00e4r de upplevde stress eller \u00e5ngest. Och det har verkligen gjorts mycket forskning som visar att autistiska barn och ungdomar upplever skolan som mycket stressande. S\u00e5 det kan vara s\u00e5 att n\u00e4r detta autistiska drag manifesteras negativt i skolan, \u00e4r det ett direkt resultat av den stress som skolan skapar i f\u00f6rsta hand.<\/p>\n<cite><a href=\"https:\/\/woodbug.blog\/2019\/03\/27\/autistic-children-and-intense-interests-the-key-to-their-educational-inclusion\/\">Autistic children and intense interests: the key to their educational&nbsp;inclusion?<\/a><\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p id=\"htoc-in-my-study-i-found-that-when-the-autistic-children-were-able-to-access-their-intense-interests-this-brought-on-the-whole-a-range-of-inclusionary-advantages-research-has-also-shown-longer-term-benefits-too-such-as-developing-expertise-positive-career-choices-and-opportunities-for-personal-growth-this-underscores-how-important-it-is-that-the-education-of-autistic-children-is-not-driven-by-a-sense-of-their-deficits-but-by-an-understanding-of-their-interests-and-strengths-and-that-rather-than-dismissing-their-interests-as-obsessive-we-ought-to-value-their-perseverance-and-concentration-qualities-we-usually-admire\">I min studie fann jag att n\u00e4r de autistiska barnen kunde f\u00e5 tillg\u00e5ng till sina intensiva intressen medf\u00f6rde detta p\u00e5 det hela taget en rad inkluderande f\u00f6rdelar. Forskning har ocks\u00e5 visat att det finns f\u00f6rdelar p\u00e5 l\u00e4ngre sikt, t.ex. kompetensutveckling, positiva karri\u00e4rval och m\u00f6jligheter till personlig utveckling. Detta understryker hur viktigt det \u00e4r att utbildningen av autistiska barn inte drivs av en k\u00e4nsla av deras brister, utan av en f\u00f6rst\u00e5else f\u00f6r deras intressen och styrkor. Och att vi i st\u00e4llet f\u00f6r att avf\u00e4rda deras intressen som &#8220;tv\u00e5ngsm\u00e4ssiga&#8221; borde v\u00e4rdes\u00e4tta deras uth\u00e5llighet och koncentration, egenskaper som vi vanligtvis beundrar.<\/p>\n<cite><a href=\"https:\/\/woodbug.blog\/2019\/03\/27\/autistic-children-and-intense-interests-the-key-to-their-educational-inclusion\/\">Autistic children and intense interests: the key to their educational&nbsp;inclusion?<\/a><\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-inclusive-education-for-autistic-children\">Inkluderande undervisning f\u00f6r autistiska barn<\/h3>\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-pullquote\"><blockquote><p>Det finns faktiskt en v\u00e4xande m\u00e4ngd forskningsresultat som st\u00f6der id\u00e9n att det, trots n\u00e5gra nackdelar, \u00e4r mycket f\u00f6rdelaktigt f\u00f6r autistiska barns utbildning och bredare inkludering i skolan att ge dem tillg\u00e5ng till och utveckla sina intresseomr\u00e5den (Gunn och Delafield-Butt 2016).<\/p><cite><a href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/Inclusive-Education-Autistic-Children-Classroom-ebook\/dp\/B07Q4RBR2Y\/\">Inkluderande undervisning f\u00f6r autistiska barn (s. 99)<\/a><\/cite><\/blockquote><\/figure>\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p id=\"htoc-so-how-do-autistic-children-learn-well-a-key-concept-promoted-mainly-by-autistic-scholars-is-monotropism-which-is-described-as-a-tendency-to-focus-on-a-single-issue-or-activity-in-depth-to-the-exclusion-of-all-others-lawson-2011-murray-lesser-and-lawson-2005-a-person-who-is-monotropic-in-their-thinking-style-might-have-a-relatively-small-number-of-areas-of-interest-but-they-are-experienced-in-a-very-deep-and-compelling-way-milton-2012b-indeed-although-monotropism-can-result-in-a-difficulty-in-shifting-attention-from-the-area-to-interest-to-another-murray-et-al-2005-it-appears-to-be-a-more-positive-way-of-describing-autistic-cognition-setting-aside-pejorative-terms-such-as-fixated-or-obsessive-for-example-wood-2019-this-cognitive-disposition-can-be-compared-with-polytropism-which-denotes-a-tendency-to-attend-to-a-number-of-activities-or-issues-sometimes-called-multi-tasking-but-these-are-inevitably-explored-in-less-depth-and-with-little-sense-of-urgent-preoccupation-murray-2014\">S\u00e5 hur l\u00e4r sig autistiska barn? Ett nyckelbegrepp, som fr\u00e4mst f\u00f6respr\u00e5kas av autistiska forskare, \u00e4r &#8220;monotropism&#8221;, vilket beskrivs som en tendens att fokusera p\u00e5 en enda fr\u00e5ga eller aktivitet, p\u00e5 djupet, och utesluta alla andra (Lawson 2011; Murray, Lesser och Lawson 2005). En person som har en monotropisk tankestil kan ha ett relativt litet antal intresseomr\u00e5den, men de upplevs p\u00e5 ett mycket djupt och \u00f6vertygande s\u00e4tt (Milton 2012b). \u00c4ven om monotropism kan leda till sv\u00e5righeter att flytta uppm\u00e4rksamheten fr\u00e5n ett intresseomr\u00e5de till ett annat (Murray et al. 2005), verkar det vara ett mer positivt s\u00e4tt att beskriva autistisk kognition, d\u00e4r man bortser fr\u00e5n neds\u00e4ttande termer som &#8220;fixerad&#8221; eller &#8220;tv\u00e5ngsm\u00e4ssig&#8221;, till exempel (Wood 2019). Denna kognitiva disposition kan j\u00e4mf\u00f6ras med &#8220;polytropism&#8221;, som inneb\u00e4r en tendens att \u00e4gna sig \u00e5t ett antal aktiviteter eller fr\u00e5gor (ibland kallat &#8220;multi-tasking&#8221;), men dessa utforskas oundvikligen mindre ing\u00e5ende och med liten k\u00e4nsla av angel\u00e4gen upptagenhet (Murray 2014).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p id=\"htoc-many-school-staff-and-some-of-the-parents-felt-that-autistic-people-are-inherently-obsessive-or-set-in-their-ways-showing-that-when-a-monotropic-thinking-style-collides-with-an-inflexible-education-system-glashan-et-al-2004-difficulties-arise-and-so-if-an-autistic-child-has-strong-interests-in-certain-areas-and-these-don-t-fit-in-with-the-school-curriculum-it-will-be-very-hard-work-for-school-staff-to-try-to-persuade-them-to-focus-on-something-else-as-well-as-potentially-distressing-for-the-children-if-they-are-simply-unable-to-shift-their-attention\">M\u00e5nga i skolpersonalen, och n\u00e5gra av f\u00f6r\u00e4ldrarna, ans\u00e5g att autistiska personer till sin natur \u00e4r &#8220;tv\u00e5ngsm\u00e4ssiga&#8221; eller fastl\u00e5sta, vilket visar att sv\u00e5righeter uppst\u00e5r n\u00e4r en monotropisk tankestil kolliderar med ett oflexibelt utbildningssystem (Glashan et al. 2004). Om ett autistiskt barn har starka intressen inom vissa omr\u00e5den, och dessa inte passar in i skolans l\u00e4roplan, blir det mycket sv\u00e5rt f\u00f6r skolpersonalen att f\u00f6rs\u00f6ka \u00f6vertala dem att fokusera p\u00e5 n\u00e5got annat, och det kan dessutom vara pl\u00e5gsamt f\u00f6r barnen om de helt enkelt inte kan flytta sin uppm\u00e4rksamhet.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p id=\"htoc-however-some-have-argued-that-a-monotropic-thinking-style-should-not-only-be-accommodated-but-also-embraced-and-even-celebrated-lawson-2011-p-41-for-example-posited-that-autism-should-be-thought-of-as-a-cognitive-difference-or-style-and-presented-the-theory-of-single-attention-and-associated-cognition-in-autism-saaca-lawson-2011-argues-that-autistic-cognition-simply-operates-differently-from-non-autistic-intelligence-and-that-current-educational-systems-fail-to-accommodate-this-difference-in-addition-this-intense-concentration-has-been-associated-with-a-deep-sense-of-well-being-or-flow-states-mcdonnell-and-milton-2014-wood-and-milton-2018-so-given-that-specialising-is-currently-only-considered-desirable-at-the-later-stages-of-education-let-us-now-consider-how-we-can-harness-the-monotropic-thinking-style-of-autistic-children-in-our-school-system-in-order-to-facilitate-their-inclusion\">Vissa har dock h\u00e4vdat att en monotropisk tankestil inte bara b\u00f6r accepteras, utan \u00e4ven v\u00e4lkomnas och till och med hyllas. Lawson (2011, s. 41), till exempel, menade att autism b\u00f6r betraktas &#8220;som en kognitiv skillnad eller stil&#8221; och presenterade teorin om Single Attention and Associated Cognition in Autism (SAACA). Lawson (2011) menar att autistisk kognition helt enkelt fungerar annorlunda \u00e4n icke-autistisk intelligens, och att dagens utbildningssystem inte tar h\u00e4nsyn till denna skillnad. Dessutom har denna intensiva koncentration f\u00f6rknippats med en djup k\u00e4nsla av v\u00e4lbefinnande, eller &#8220;flowtillst\u00e5nd&#8221; (McDonnell och Milton 2014; Wood och Milton 2018). Med tanke p\u00e5 att specialisering f\u00f6r n\u00e4rvarande endast anses \u00f6nskv\u00e4rt i de senare stadierna av utbildningen, l\u00e5t oss nu fundera \u00f6ver hur vi kan utnyttja autistiska barns monotropiska tankestil i v\u00e5rt skolsystem f\u00f6r att underl\u00e4tta deras inkludering.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p id=\"htoc-however-one-of-the-most-striking-findings-from-my-study-was-the-extent-to-which-enabling-autistic-children-to-incorporate-their-interests-sometimes-called-special-interests-or-restricted-interests-into-their-learning-not-only-addresses-the-core-issue-of-concentration-and-motivation-but-also-means-that-school-staff-don-t-need-to-keep-prompting-them-to-stay-on-task-indeed-being-able-to-focus-deeply-on-their-areas-of-interest-appeared-to-provide-a-range-of-positive-functions-for-the-autistic-children-including-helping-them-to-cope-with-the-stress-of-school-improved-communication-better-access-to-the-curriculum-and-tests-greater-independence-more-socialisation-and-overall-enjoyment-of-school-therefore-i-found-that-actively-embracing-the-monotropic-thinking-style-of-autistic-children-often-helps-rather-than-hinders-school-staff-and-the-autistic-pupils\">Ett av de mest sl\u00e5ende resultaten fr\u00e5n min studie var dock i vilken utstr\u00e4ckning m\u00f6jligheten f\u00f6r autistiska barn att inf\u00f6rliva sina intressen (ibland kallade &#8220;specialintressen&#8221; eller &#8220;begr\u00e4nsade intressen&#8221;) i sitt l\u00e4rande inte bara l\u00f6ser den centrala fr\u00e5gan om koncentration och motivation, utan ocks\u00e5 inneb\u00e4r att skolpersonalen inte beh\u00f6ver forts\u00e4tta att uppmana dem att h\u00e5lla sig till uppgiften. Att kunna fokusera djupt p\u00e5 sina intresseomr\u00e5den verkade ha en rad positiva funktioner f\u00f6r de autistiska barnen, bland annat hj\u00e4lpte det dem att hantera stressen i skolan, f\u00f6rb\u00e4ttrad kommunikation, b\u00e4ttre tillg\u00e5ng till l\u00e4roplanen och tester, st\u00f6rre sj\u00e4lvst\u00e4ndighet, mer socialisering och \u00f6vergripande gl\u00e4dje i skolan. D\u00e4rf\u00f6r fann jag att ett aktivt anammande av autistiska barns monotropiska tankestil ofta hj\u00e4lper, snarare \u00e4n stj\u00e4lper, skolpersonal och de autistiska eleverna.<\/p>\n<cite><a href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/Inclusive-Education-Autistic-Children-Classroom-ebook\/dp\/B07Q4RBR2Y\/\">Inkluderande undervisning f\u00f6r autistiska barn (s. 96-99)<\/a><\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-autism-intense-interests-and-support-in-school-from-wasted-efforts-to-shared-understandings\">Autism, intensiva intressen och st\u00f6d i skolan: fr\u00e5n bortkastade anstr\u00e4ngningar till gemensam f\u00f6rst\u00e5else<\/h3>\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p id=\"htoc-having-intense-or-special-interests-and-a-tendency-to-focus-in-depth-to-the-exclusion-of-other-inputs-is-associated-with-autistic-cognition-sometimes-framed-as-monotropism-despite-some-drawbacks-and-negative-associations-with-unwanted-repetition-this-disposition-is-linked-to-a-range-of-educational-and-longer-term-benefits-for-autistic-children1\">Att ha intensiva eller &#8220;speciella&#8221; intressen och en tendens att fokusera p\u00e5 djupet och utesluta andra intryck \u00e4r f\u00f6rknippat med autistisk kognition, ibland ben\u00e4mnt &#8220;monotropism&#8221;. Trots vissa nackdelar och negativa associationer till o\u00f6nskad upprepning \u00e4r denna disposition kopplad till en rad pedagogiska och l\u00e5ngsiktiga f\u00f6rdelar f\u00f6r autistiska barn.<\/p>\n<cite><a href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1080\/00131911.2019.1566213?needAccess=true&amp;\">Autism, intensiva intressen och st\u00f6d i skolan: fr\u00e5n bortkastade anstr\u00e4ngningar till delade uppfattningar: Pedagogisk granskning: Vol 73, nr 1<\/a><\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p id=\"htoc-e-nabling-autistic-children-to-engage-with-their-strong-interests-has-been-found-to-be-predominantly-advantageous-rather-than-deleterious-in-school-environments-furthermore-longer-term-benefits-have-been-associated-with-the-pursuit-of-intense-interests-with-relatively-few-negative-effects-overall-which-in-themselves-might-only-occur-if-autistic-people-are-pressured-to-reduce-or-adapt-their-interests\">[E]tt st\u00f6d f\u00f6r autistiska barn att \u00e4gna sig \u00e5t sina starka intressen har visat sig vara \u00f6verv\u00e4gande f\u00f6rdelaktigt, snarare \u00e4n skadligt, i skolmilj\u00f6er.<\/p>\n<cite><a href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1080\/00131911.2019.1566213?needAccess=true&amp;\">Autism, intensiva intressen och st\u00f6d i skolan: fr\u00e5n bortkastade anstr\u00e4ngningar till delade uppfattningar: Pedagogisk granskning: Vol 73, nr 1<\/a><\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p id=\"htoc-e-nabling-autistic-children-to-engage-with-their-strong-interests-has-been-found-to-be-predominantly-advantageous-rather-than-deleterious-in-school-environments-furthermore-longer-term-benefits-have-been-associated-with-the-pursuit-of-intense-interests-with-relatively-few-negative-effects-overall-which-in-themselves-might-only-occur-if-autistic-people-are-pressured-to-reduce-or-adapt-their-interests1\">Dessutom har l\u00e5ngsiktiga f\u00f6rdelar f\u00f6rknippats med att \u00e4gna sig \u00e5t intensiva intressen, med relativt f\u00e5 negativa effekter totalt sett, vilket i sig bara kan uppst\u00e5 om autistiska personer pressas att minska eller anpassa sina intressen.<\/p>\n<cite><a href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1080\/00131911.2019.1566213?needAccess=true&amp;\">Autism, intensiva intressen och st\u00f6d i skolan: fr\u00e5n bortkastade anstr\u00e4ngningar till delade uppfattningar: Pedagogisk granskning: Vol 73, nr 1<\/a><\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p id=\"htoc-having-intense-or-special-interests-and-a-tendency-to-focus-in-depth-to-the-exclusion-of-other-inputs-is-associated-with-autistic-cognition-sometimes-framed-as-monotropism-despite-some-drawbacks-and-negative-associations-with-unwanted-repetition-this-disposition-is-linked-to-a-range-of-educational-and-longer-term-benefits-for-autistic-children\">Att ha intensiva eller &#8220;speciella&#8221; intressen och en tendens att fokusera p\u00e5 djupet och utesluta andra intryck \u00e4r f\u00f6rknippat med autistisk kognition, ibland ben\u00e4mnt &#8220;monotropism&#8221;. Trots vissa nackdelar och negativa associationer till o\u00f6nskad upprepning \u00e4r denna disposition kopplad till en rad pedagogiska och l\u00e5ngsiktiga f\u00f6rdelar f\u00f6r autistiska barn.<\/p>\n<cite><a href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1080\/00131911.2019.1566213?needAccess=true&amp;\">Autism, intensiva intressen och st\u00f6d i skolan: fr\u00e5n bortkastade anstr\u00e4ngningar till delade uppfattningar: Pedagogisk granskning: Vol 73, nr 1<\/a><\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-the-passionate-mind-how-people-with-autism-learn\">Det passionerade sinnet: Hur m\u00e4nniskor med autism l\u00e4r sig<\/h3>\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-pullquote\"><blockquote><p>I AS ses monotropisk uppm\u00e4rksamhet inte som ett val utan som en integrerad del av v\u00e5r inl\u00e4rningsstil.<br\/><\/p><cite><a href=\"https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/8371670-the-passionate-mind\">Det passionerade sinnet: Hur m\u00e4nniskor med autism l\u00e4r sig<\/a><\/cite><\/blockquote><\/figure>\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p id=\"htoc-i-believe-being-polytropic-gives-people-opportunities-of-many-sorts-which-are-not-accessible-to-people-who-are-monotropic-developmentally-typical-children-are-flexibly-able-to-recognise-and-exploit-opportunities-that-may-pass-monotropic-children-by-among-those-missed-opportunities-are-chances-to-contribute-to-a-common-interest-which-is-at-the-heart-of-inclusion-bailey-1998-while-polytropic-children-will-swiftly-find-out-how-comfortably-to-cohabit-in-shared-opportunity-space-it-may-take-a-monotropic-child-far-longer-even-to-identify-distinct-cohabitants-let-alone-figure-out-how-to-fit-in-with-them-d-k-c-murray-personal-communication-21-april-2006\">Jag tror att polytropi ger m\u00e4nniskor m\u00f6jligheter av m\u00e5nga olika slag som inte \u00e4r tillg\u00e4ngliga f\u00f6r m\u00e4nniskor som \u00e4r monotropa. Utvecklingstypiska barn har en flexibel f\u00f6rm\u00e5ga att se och utnyttja m\u00f6jligheter som kan g\u00e5 monotropa barn f\u00f6rbi. Bland de missade m\u00f6jligheterna finns chansen att bidra till ett gemensamt intresse, vilket \u00e4r k\u00e4rnan i inkludering (Bailey 1998). Medan polytropiska barn snabbt kommer p\u00e5 hur de bekv\u00e4mt kan samsas i det gemensamma utrymmet, kan det ta mycket l\u00e4ngre tid f\u00f6r ett monotropiskt barn att ens identifiera olika sambor &#8211; och \u00e4n mindre komma p\u00e5 hur de ska passa in med dem (D.K.C. Murray, personlig kommunikation, 21 april 2006).<\/p>\n<cite><a href=\"https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/8371670-the-passionate-mind\">Det passionerade sinnet: Hur m\u00e4nniskor med autism l\u00e4r sig<\/a><\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p id=\"htoc-the-term-monotropic-describes-single-attention-and-single-channels-for-accessing-and-processing-information-mono-single-tropism-direction-channel-nt-developing-individuals-although-able-to-be-single-minded-at-times-can-respond-to-another-interest-or-situation-and-shift-their-attention-whether-interested-or-not-this-means-they-can-use-polytropic-attention-which-necessitates-dividing-their-attention-between-a-number-of-differing-concerns-simultaneously-poly-many-and-accommodating-many-channels-of-information-at-any-one-time-polytropism-in-typical-individuals-is-argued-to-be-their-default-learning-style-this-concept-will-be-explored-in-more-detail-in-this-chapter\">Termen monotropisk beskriver enskild uppm\u00e4rksamhet och enskilda kanaler f\u00f6r \u00e5tkomst till och bearbetning av information (mono: enskild; tropism: riktning\/kanal). NT-utvecklande individer, \u00e4ven om de ibland kan vara enkelsp\u00e5riga, kan reagera p\u00e5 ett annat intresse eller en annan situation och skifta sin uppm\u00e4rksamhet oavsett om de \u00e4r intresserade eller inte. Detta inneb\u00e4r att de kan anv\u00e4nda polytropisk uppm\u00e4rksamhet, vilket kr\u00e4ver att de delar sin uppm\u00e4rksamhet mellan ett antal olika intressen samtidigt (poly: m\u00e5nga) och att de kan hantera m\u00e5nga informationskanaler samtidigt. Polytropism hos typiska individer anses vara deras standardinl\u00e4rningsstil. Detta koncept kommer att behandlas mer ing\u00e5ende i detta kapitel.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p id=\"htoc-i-know-that-for-many-of-us-shifting-attention-from-an-aspect-of-interest-to-one-that-we-are-not-interested-or-invested-in-is-very-difficult-however-in-as-this-is-often-the-reason-we-prefer-sameness-and-routine-and-why-we-may-even-appear-to-have-one-sense-that-dominates-another-i-suggest-we-use-single-attention-connecting-with-and-processing-information-one-step-at-a-time-which-is-the-monotropic-disposition-as-our-default-setting-therefore-attention-and-the-interest-system-will-work-hand-in-hand-to-create-an-attention-interest-sensory-motor-loop-leading-to-a-cognitive-style\">Jag vet att det f\u00f6r m\u00e5nga av oss \u00e4r mycket sv\u00e5rt att flytta uppm\u00e4rksamheten fr\u00e5n en aspekt som intresserar oss till en som vi inte \u00e4r intresserade av eller investerade i. Men i AS \u00e4r detta ofta anledningen till att vi f\u00f6redrar likformighet och rutin, och till att vi till och med kan tyckas ha ett sinne som dominerar \u00f6ver ett annat. Jag f\u00f6resl\u00e5r att vi anv\u00e4nder enkel uppm\u00e4rksamhet som standardinst\u00e4llning f\u00f6r att koppla ihop och bearbeta information ett steg i taget, vilket \u00e4r den monotropiska dispositionen. D\u00e4rf\u00f6r kommer uppm\u00e4rksamhet och intressesystemet att arbeta hand i hand f\u00f6r att skapa en uppm\u00e4rksamhet, intresse, sensorisk-motorisk loop som leder till en kognitiv stil.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p id=\"htoc-monotropism-or-having-the-ability-to-home-in-on-one-aspect-of-communication-or-on-one-interest-at-one-time-can-happen-to-nt-and-as-individuals-however-rigid-monotropism-often-occurs-in-an-as-individual-s-world-and-we-are-said-to-have-tunnel-vision-attwood-2007-or-as-parents-often-say-my-child-seems-only-to-be-interested-in-his-or-her-interests-monotropism-will-mean-for-most-of-us-difficulties-coping-with-change-because-we-are-single-minded-for-many-this-is-demonstrated-in-our-difficulties-with-change-in-routine-expectation-instruction-daily-schedule-movement-of-attention-or-incorporating-another-set-of-demands-into-the-present-scenario-for-example-coping-with-change-can-involve-listening-and-then-being-required-to-participate-in-decision-making-without-due-time-to-process-information-thus-being-forced-to-move-from-one-channel-to-another-kluth-and-chandler-olcott-2008\">Monotropism, eller f\u00f6rm\u00e5gan att fokusera p\u00e5 en aspekt av kommunikationen eller ett intresse samtidigt, kan f\u00f6rekomma hos personer med NT och AS. Men rigid monotropism f\u00f6rekommer ofta i en AS-individs v\u00e4rld, och vi s\u00e4gs ha &#8220;tunnelseende&#8221; (Attwood 2007) eller, som f\u00f6r\u00e4ldrar ofta s\u00e4ger, &#8220;mitt barn verkar bara vara intresserad av sina egna intressen&#8221;. Monotropism kommer f\u00f6r de flesta av oss att inneb\u00e4ra sv\u00e5righeter att hantera f\u00f6r\u00e4ndringar eftersom vi \u00e4r enkelsp\u00e5riga. F\u00f6r m\u00e5nga visar sig detta i v\u00e5ra sv\u00e5righeter med att \u00e4ndra rutiner, f\u00f6rv\u00e4ntningar, instruktioner, dagliga scheman, flytta uppm\u00e4rksamheten eller inf\u00f6rliva en annan upps\u00e4ttning krav i det nuvarande scenariot. Att hantera f\u00f6r\u00e4ndringar kan till exempel inneb\u00e4ra att man lyssnar och sedan m\u00e5ste delta i beslutsfattandet utan att f\u00e5 tid att bearbeta informationen, vilket inneb\u00e4r att man tvingas g\u00e5 fr\u00e5n en kanal till en annan (Kluth och Chandler-Olcott 2008).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p id=\"htoc-for-many-of-us-the-discomfort-at-encountering-change-is-one-consequence-of-being-attention-tunnelled-or-monotropic-e-g-bogdashina-2006-greenaway-and-plaisted-2005-murray-et-al-2005\">F\u00f6r m\u00e5nga av oss \u00e4r obehaget vid f\u00f6r\u00e4ndringar en konsekvens av att vi \u00e4r uppm\u00e4rksamhetsstyrda eller monotropiska (t.ex. Bogdashina 2006; Greenaway och Plaisted 2005; Murray et al. 2005).<\/p>\n<cite><a href=\"https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/8371670-the-passionate-mind\">Det passionerade sinnet: Hur m\u00e4nniskor med autism l\u00e4r sig<\/a><\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-pullquote\"><blockquote><p>I ett monotropiskt intressesystem \u00e4r konnektiviteten mer str\u00f6mlinjeformad men mindre diffus \u00e4n hos den typiska befolkningen. Detta kan bero p\u00e5 att intressesystemet \u00e4r mer &#8220;rent&#8221; i den meningen att det inte har modifierats eller f\u00f6rorenats av andra m\u00e4nniskors f\u00f6rv\u00e4ntningar (D.K.C. Murray, personlig kommunikation, 10 mars 2005).<\/p><cite><a href=\"https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/8371670-the-passionate-mind\">Det passionerade sinnet: Hur m\u00e4nniskor med autism l\u00e4r sig<\/a><\/cite><\/blockquote><\/figure>\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p id=\"htoc-saaca-suggests-that-most-as-individuals-are-monotropic-and-that-the-monotropic-disposition-informs-as-cognition-and-subsequent-learning-styles-this-implies-only-being-able-to-focus-on-one-thing-at-one-time-as-long-as-it-s-within-our-interest-system-the-implication-of-having-a-monotropic-disposition-is-that-generalising-one-s-experience-and-understanding-is-difficult-this-could-also-have-an-impact-upon-the-understanding-of-time-because-time-might-not-be-noted-as-a-concept-but-rather-only-as-a-hindrance-to-being-able-to-stay-focused-upon-the-thing-that-is-holding-our-attention\">SAACA tyder p\u00e5 att de flesta AS-personer \u00e4r monotropa och att den monotropa l\u00e4ggningen p\u00e5verkar AS-kognitionen och efterf\u00f6ljande inl\u00e4rningsstilar. Det inneb\u00e4r att vi bara kan fokusera p\u00e5 en sak i taget, s\u00e5 l\u00e4nge det ligger inom v\u00e5rt intressesystem. Inneb\u00f6rden av att ha en monotropisk l\u00e4ggning \u00e4r att det \u00e4r sv\u00e5rt att generalisera sina erfarenheter och sin f\u00f6rst\u00e5else. Detta kan ocks\u00e5 ha en inverkan p\u00e5 f\u00f6rst\u00e5elsen av tid eftersom tid kanske inte noteras som ett begrepp utan snarare bara som ett hinder f\u00f6r att kunna h\u00e5lla fokus p\u00e5 det som f\u00e5ngar v\u00e5r uppm\u00e4rksamhet.<\/p>\n<cite><a href=\"https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/8371670-the-passionate-mind\">Det passionerade sinnet: Hur m\u00e4nniskor med autism l\u00e4r sig<\/a><\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p id=\"htoc-this-is-why-the-ideas-associated-with-traditional-theories-of-as-are-being-questioned-in-this-book-and-the-newly-developed-theory-of-as-concerning-the-concepts-associated-with-the-use-of-single-attention-and-associated-cognition-in-autism-saaca-are-suggested-saaca-is-argued-to-be-responsible-for-the-pattern-of-characteristics-seen-in-as-and-experienced-by-us-as-the-as-population-saaca-which-was-developed-from-the-idea-of-monotropism-explains-the-autistic-learning-style-unlike-any-other-current-traditional-theories-of-as-have-too-many-gaps-and-fail-to-accommodate-the-clinical-picture-seen-in-as-within-this-new-approach-a-particular-learning-style-is-said-to-be-responsible-for-the-current-criteria-for-an-as-assessment-and-the-as-individual-s-experience\">D\u00e4rf\u00f6r ifr\u00e5gas\u00e4tts de id\u00e9er som f\u00f6rknippas med traditionella teorier om AS i denna bok och den nyutvecklade teorin om AS som r\u00f6r de begrepp som f\u00f6rknippas med anv\u00e4ndningen av single attention and associated cognition in autism (SAACA) f\u00f6resl\u00e5s. SAACA p\u00e5st\u00e5s vara ansvarig f\u00f6r det m\u00f6nster av egenskaper som ses i AS och som upplevs av oss som AS-populationen. SAACA, som utvecklades ur id\u00e9n om monotropism, f\u00f6rklarar den autistiska inl\u00e4rningsstilen p\u00e5 ett helt annat s\u00e4tt \u00e4n n\u00e5gon annan. De nuvarande traditionella teorierna om AS har alltf\u00f6r m\u00e5nga luckor och passar inte in p\u00e5 den kliniska bild som ses vid AS. Inom detta nya tillv\u00e4gag\u00e5ngss\u00e4tt s\u00e4gs en viss inl\u00e4rningsstil vara ansvarig f\u00f6r de nuvarande kriterierna f\u00f6r en AS-bed\u00f6mning och AS-individens erfarenhet.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p id=\"htoc-saaca-suggests-the-autism-spectrum-should-be-considered-not-as-a-terrible-tragedy-that-needs-to-be-cured-or-redeemed-but-as-an-important-learning-style-as-we-will-see-in-later-chapters-saaca-provides-ways-to-accommodate-work-with-and-develop-an-individual-s-fullest-potential\">SAACA f\u00f6resl\u00e5r att autismspektrumet inte ska betraktas som en fruktansv\u00e4rd tragedi som m\u00e5ste botas eller l\u00f6sas, utan som en viktig inl\u00e4rningsstil. Som vi kommer att se i senare kapitel erbjuder SAACA olika s\u00e4tt att ta h\u00e4nsyn till, arbeta med och utveckla en individs fulla potential.<\/p>\n<cite><a href=\"https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/8371670-the-passionate-mind\">Det passionerade sinnet: Hur m\u00e4nniskor med autism l\u00e4r sig<\/a><\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-pullquote\"><blockquote><p>Oavsett om vi anpassar v\u00e5ra intressen till andra, som i polytropism, eller f\u00f6ljer dikteringen fr\u00e5n v\u00e5rt dominerande intresse, som i monotropism, handlar allt om &#8220;intresse&#8221;.<\/p><cite><a href=\"https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/8371670-the-passionate-mind\">Det passionerade sinnet: Hur m\u00e4nniskor med autism l\u00e4r sig<\/a><\/cite><\/blockquote><\/figure>\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p id=\"htoc-without-interest-dewey-stated-attention-and-connections-to-learning-not-only-are-less-available-but-individuals-lack-the-needed-perceptions-to-stay-motivated-and-their-needs-as-well-as-their-relationships-and-values-cannot-develop-to-their-fullest-potential\">Utan intresse, menade Dewey, \u00e4r uppm\u00e4rksamhet och koppling till l\u00e4rande inte bara mindre tillg\u00e4ngliga, utan individer saknar ocks\u00e5 de uppfattningar som beh\u00f6vs f\u00f6r att h\u00e5lla sig motiverade, och deras behov, s\u00e5v\u00e4l som deras relationer och v\u00e4rderingar, kan inte utvecklas till sin fulla potential.<\/p>\n<cite><a href=\"https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/8371670-the-passionate-mind\">Det passionerade sinnet: Hur m\u00e4nniskor med autism l\u00e4r sig<\/a><\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p id=\"htoc-the-most-important-discovery-i-have-made-is-that-attention-and-its-partner-interest-operate-differently-according-to-the-type-of-brain-one-has-by-type-of-brain-i-mean-whether-you-are-as-or-nt-murray-s-work-on-monotropism-tightly-focused-interest-and-polytropism-diffused-interests-murray-1986-1992-1995-1996-is-foundational-to-this-thinking\">Den viktigaste uppt\u00e4ckten jag har gjort \u00e4r att uppm\u00e4rksamhet och dess partner, intresse, fungerar olika beroende p\u00e5 vilken typ av hj\u00e4rna man har. Med &#8220;typ&#8221; av hj\u00e4rna menar jag om du \u00e4r AS eller NT. Murrays arbete med monotropism (sn\u00e4vt fokuserat intresse) och polytropism (diffusa intressen) (Murray 1986, 1992, 1995, 1996) \u00e4r grundl\u00e4ggande f\u00f6r detta t\u00e4nkande.<\/p>\n<cite><a href=\"https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/8371670-the-passionate-mind\">Det passionerade sinnet: Hur m\u00e4nniskor med autism l\u00e4r sig<\/a><\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p id=\"htoc-whilst-if-you-are-monotropic-and-autistically-developing-such-as-i-am-you-will-be-good-at-either-thinking-or-feeling-or-noticing-but-in-serial-fashion-one-at-a-time-i-can-multi-task-but-only-if-i-have-available-attention-am-interested-and-have-energy-resources-within-my-interest-tunnel-this-suggests-that-attention-and-interest-are-partnered-differently-according-to-whether-you-are-nt-or-not\">Om du d\u00e4remot \u00e4r monotrop och autistiskt utvecklad, som jag \u00e4r, kommer du att vara bra p\u00e5 att antingen t\u00e4nka, k\u00e4nna eller l\u00e4gga m\u00e4rke till saker, men p\u00e5 ett seriellt s\u00e4tt, en i taget. Jag kan g\u00f6ra flera saker samtidigt, men bara om jag har tillg\u00e4nglig uppm\u00e4rksamhet, \u00e4r intresserad och har energiresurser inom min intressetunnel. Detta tyder p\u00e5 att uppm\u00e4rksamhet och intresse f\u00f6rdelas p\u00e5 olika s\u00e4tt beroende p\u00e5 om du \u00e4r NT eller inte.<\/p>\n<cite><a href=\"https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/8371670-the-passionate-mind\">Det passionerade sinnet: Hur m\u00e4nniskor med autism l\u00e4r sig<\/a><\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-pullquote\"><blockquote><p>Jag f\u00f6resl\u00e5r att problem med AS, t.ex. att skapa kopplingar till begrepp, grundar sig i monotropism, vilket leder till f\u00e4rre kopplingar mellan uppm\u00e4rksamhet, intresse och sensorisk och motorisk dynamik.<\/p><cite><a href=\"https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/8371670-the-passionate-mind\">Det passionerade sinnet: Hur m\u00e4nniskor med autism l\u00e4r sig<\/a><\/cite><\/blockquote><\/figure>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-learning-from-autistic-teachers\">Att l\u00e4ra av autistiska l\u00e4rare<\/h3>\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p id=\"htoc-we-re-back-to-monotropism-again-because-attention-is-not-only-about-being-in-cognitive-love-attention-can-be-focused-on-anything-it-s-whatever-you-are-doing-in-a-particular-moment-that-engages-you-when-you-are-monotropic-you-lock-onto-that-thing-your-senses-are-engaged-with-that-thing-you-must-build-up-energy-to-get-into-it-and-once-you-are-there-you-enter-what-is-called-a-flow-state-where-everything-in-your-body-is-flowing-towards-the-task-in-hand-mcdonnell-and-milton-2014-so-any-deviation-any-pull-away-from-that-flow-is-difficult-to-deal-with\">Vi \u00e4r tillbaka till monotropism igen, eftersom uppm\u00e4rksamhet inte bara handlar om att vara i kognitiv k\u00e4rlek; uppm\u00e4rksamhet kan riktas mot vad som helst. Det \u00e4r vad du g\u00f6r i ett visst \u00f6gonblick som engagerar dig. N\u00e4r du \u00e4r monotropisk l\u00e5ser du fast dig vid den saken. Dina sinnen \u00e4r engagerade i den d\u00e4r saken. Du m\u00e5ste bygga upp energi f\u00f6r att komma in i det och n\u00e4r du v\u00e4l \u00e4r d\u00e4r g\u00e5r du in i vad som kallas ett &#8220;fl\u00f6destillst\u00e5nd&#8221;, d\u00e4r allt i din kropp str\u00f6mmar mot den aktuella uppgiften (McDonnell och Milton 2014). S\u00e5 varje avvikelse, varje dragning bort fr\u00e5n detta fl\u00f6de, \u00e4r sv\u00e5r att hantera.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p id=\"htoc-i-needed-forward-planning-clear-and-direct-communication-consistency-more-autonomy-and-trust-that-i-knew-what-i-was-doing-but-most-importantly-i-needed-to-be-validated-and-seen-for-who-i-was-to-be-seen-through-a-lens-of-strengths\">Jag beh\u00f6vde framtidsplanering, tydlig och direkt kommunikation, konsekvens, mer sj\u00e4lvst\u00e4ndighet och f\u00f6rtroende f\u00f6r att jag visste vad jag gjorde. Men viktigast av allt var att jag beh\u00f6vde bli bekr\u00e4ftad och sedd f\u00f6r den jag var: att bli sedd genom en lins av styrkor.<\/p>\n<cite><a href=\"https:\/\/read.amazon.com\/kp\/embed?asin=B09NHWLRVC&amp;preview=newtab&amp;linkCode=kpe&amp;ref_=cm_sw_r_kb_dp_YHVVVRN8TYXHS119D6H5\">Att l\u00e4ra av autistiska l\u00e4rare (s. 65)<\/a><\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p id=\"htoc-one-almost-universal-trait-of-autism-is-what-is-known-as-the-special-interest-or-hyperfixation-as-i-prefer-to-call-it-when-in-the-process-of-diagnosis-autistic-people-might-be-asked-about-topics-hobbies-or-interests-that-are-particularly-important-to-them-that-are-a-refuge-when-feelings-of-stress-are-high-or-all-consuming-as-far-as-the-autistic-community-is-concerned-i-believe-that-having-hyperfixations-is-entirely-normal-and-healthy-and-many-autistic-people-celebrate-their-interests-and-take-pleasure-in-the-fact-they-have-these-hobbies-that-mean-so-much-to-them-proud-of-the-knowledge-and-understanding-they-have-of-these-varied-topics-these-hyperfixations-can-be-on-any-subject-imaginable-the-stereotype-of-course-is-trains-and-locomotives-with-pok-mon-and-video-games-generally-bringing-up-the-rear-however-this-is-mostly-a-relic-of-the-extremely-male-centric-world-of-autism-research-and-discussion-that-dates-back-to-the-twentieth-century-and-is-not-very-useful-now-when-we-are-increasingly-aware-of-the-huge-diversity-within-the-autistic-community\">Ett n\u00e4stan universellt drag hos autister \u00e4r det som kallas &#8220;specialintresse&#8221; eller &#8220;hyperfixering&#8221;, som jag f\u00f6redrar att kalla det. Under diagnosprocessen kan autistiska personer tillfr\u00e5gas om \u00e4mnen, hobbies eller intressen som \u00e4r s\u00e4rskilt viktiga f\u00f6r dem, som \u00e4r en fristad n\u00e4r de k\u00e4nner sig stressade eller som \u00e4r helt uppslukande. N\u00e4r det g\u00e4ller autister anser jag att det \u00e4r helt normalt och h\u00e4lsosamt att ha hyperfixeringar, och m\u00e5nga autister hyllar sina intressen och gl\u00e4ds \u00e5t att de har dessa hobbyer som betyder s\u00e5 mycket f\u00f6r dem, och de \u00e4r stolta \u00f6ver den kunskap och f\u00f6rst\u00e5else de har om dessa varierande \u00e4mnen. Dessa hyperfixeringar kan handla om alla t\u00e4nkbara \u00e4mnen; stereotypen \u00e4r naturligtvis t\u00e5g och lokomotiv, medan Pok\u00e9mon och videospel i allm\u00e4nhet hamnar i bakgrunden. Detta \u00e4r dock mest en kvarleva fr\u00e5n den extremt manscentrerade v\u00e4rld av autismforskning och diskussion som g\u00e5r tillbaka till 1900-talet, och \u00e4r inte s\u00e4rskilt anv\u00e4ndbart nu, n\u00e4r vi \u00e4r alltmer medvetna om den enorma m\u00e5ngfalden inom autismsamh\u00e4llet.<\/p>\n<cite><a href=\"https:\/\/read.amazon.com\/kp\/embed?asin=B09NHWLRVC&amp;preview=newtab&amp;linkCode=kpe&amp;ref_=cm_sw_r_kb_dp_YHVVVRN8TYXHS119D6H5\">L\u00e4rande fr\u00e5n autistiska l\u00e4rare (s. 30-31)<\/a><\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p id=\"htoc-the-reality-is-that-if-it-exists-you-can-reasonably-assume-there-will-be-an-autistic-person-to-whom-that-thing-is-the-subject-of-intense-obsession-and-time-spent-from-blankets-to-drain-covers-both-of-these-are-special-interests-of-people-in-my-acquaintance-and-pretty-much-anything-in-between-when-engaging-in-a-special-interest-autistic-people-are-typically-calmer-more-relaxed-happier-and-more-focused-than-they-would-otherwise-be-for-many-it-is-a-form-of-release-or-even-self-medication-a-well-timed-foray-into-a-special-interest-can-stave-off-meltdown-and-be-a-generally-extremely-positive-force-in-an-autistic-person-s-life\">Faktum \u00e4r att om det finns, kan du rimligen anta att det kommer att finnas en autistisk person som \u00e4r intensivt besatt av den saken och som \u00e4gnar mycket tid \u00e5t allt fr\u00e5n filtar till avloppsskydd (b\u00e5da dessa \u00e4r specialintressen f\u00f6r personer i min bekantskapskrets) och i stort sett allt d\u00e4remellan. N\u00e4r autister \u00e4gnar sig \u00e5t ett specialintresse \u00e4r de vanligtvis lugnare, mer avslappnade, gladare och mer fokuserade \u00e4n de annars skulle vara &#8211; f\u00f6r m\u00e5nga \u00e4r det en form av befrielse eller till och med sj\u00e4lvmedicinering: en v\u00e4ltajmad utflykt till ett specialintresse kan f\u00f6rhindra sammanbrott och vara en allm\u00e4nt mycket positiv kraft i en autistisk persons liv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p id=\"htoc-but-one-thing-is-particularly-important-to-my-purposes-here-our-hyperfixations-adore-company-and-if-an-autistic-person-is-given-the-opportunity-to-share-their-passion-for-the-subject-with-friends-relatives-or-complete-strangers-then-you-can-expect-high-levels-of-enthusiasm-enormous-amounts-of-data-and-information-to-be-delivered-and-impressive-levels-of-knowledge-in-short-if-you-want-to-be-taught-something-you-can-do-a-lot-worse-than-be-taught-about-it-by-an-autistic-person-for-whom-it-is-one-of-their-special-interests-i-have-been-taught-about-various-subjects-by-openly-autistic-people-and-the-experience-has-invariably-been-truly-fantastic-and-my-understanding-of-the-topic-afterwards-deep-and-thorough1\">Men en sak \u00e4r s\u00e4rskilt viktig f\u00f6r mina syften h\u00e4r: v\u00e5ra hyperfixeringar \u00e4lskar s\u00e4llskap, och om en autistisk person f\u00e5r m\u00f6jlighet att dela sin passion f\u00f6r \u00e4mnet med v\u00e4nner, sl\u00e4ktingar eller helt fr\u00e4mmande personer kan man f\u00f6rv\u00e4nta sig en h\u00f6g grad av entusiasm, enorma m\u00e4ngder data och information som levereras och imponerande kunskapsniv\u00e5er. Kort sagt, om man vill l\u00e4ra sig n\u00e5got kan man g\u00f6ra mycket s\u00e4mre ifr\u00e5n sig \u00e4n att l\u00e4ra sig om det av en autistisk person f\u00f6r vilken det \u00e4r ett av deras specialintressen. Jag har blivit undervisad om olika \u00e4mnen av \u00f6ppet autistiska personer och upplevelsen har alltid varit helt fantastisk, och min f\u00f6rst\u00e5else av \u00e4mnet har d\u00e4refter varit djup och grundlig.<\/p>\n<cite><a href=\"https:\/\/read.amazon.com\/kp\/embed?asin=B09NHWLRVC&amp;preview=newtab&amp;linkCode=kpe&amp;ref_=cm_sw_r_kb_dp_YHVVVRN8TYXHS119D6H5\">L\u00e4rande fr\u00e5n autistiska l\u00e4rare (s. 30-31)<\/a><\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-the-monotropism-questionnaire\">Fr\u00e5geformul\u00e4ret om monotropism<\/h3>\n\n<p>Tror du att du kan vara monotrop? Prova <a href=\"https:\/\/osf.io\/wpx5g\/\">detta fr\u00e5geformul\u00e4r<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td>Efter en period av instabilitet beh\u00f6ver jag en lugn och f\u00f6ruts\u00e4gbar milj\u00f6.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Jag beh\u00f6ver en lugn och f\u00f6ruts\u00e4gbar milj\u00f6 f\u00f6r att l\u00e4tt kunna v\u00e4xla fr\u00e5n en uppgift till en annan.  <\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Jag har ofta sv\u00e5rt att koncentrera mig i hektiska och\/eller of\u00f6ruts\u00e4gbara milj\u00f6er.  <\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Jag tycker att pl\u00f6tsliga, ov\u00e4ntade avbrott i min uppm\u00e4rksamhet \u00e4r skr\u00e4mmande.  <\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Det \u00e4r pl\u00e5gsamt att ov\u00e4ntat dras bort fr\u00e5n n\u00e5got som jag \u00e4r engagerad i.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Jag tycker s\u00e4llan att det \u00e4r obehagligt att samtidigt h\u00e5lla \u00f6gonkontakt och f\u00f6ra en verbal konversation med en annan person. *<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Jag l\u00e4gger ofta m\u00e4rke till detaljer som andra inte g\u00f6r.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Att delta i en aktivitet som intresserar mig minskar ofta min \u00e5ngestniv\u00e5.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Jag trivs b\u00e4ttre i sociala sammanhang om vi pratar om ett \u00e4mne som intresserar mig.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Jag \u00e4r ofta helt fokuserad p\u00e5 aktiviteter som jag brinner f\u00f6r, till den grad att jag inte \u00e4r medveten om andra h\u00e4ndelser.  <\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Jag kan bli ganska bra p\u00e5 n\u00e5got \u00e4ven om jag inte \u00e4r s\u00e4rskilt intresserad av det. *<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Jag tappar ofta tidsuppfattningen n\u00e4r jag \u00e4gnar mig \u00e5t aktiviteter som jag brinner f\u00f6r.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Ibland undviker jag att prata eftersom jag inte kan f\u00f6ruts\u00e4ga hur andra kommer att reagera, s\u00e4rskilt inte fr\u00e4mlingar.  <\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Jag tenderar att g\u00f6ra aktiviteter f\u00f6r att jag tycker att de \u00e4r intressanta, ist\u00e4llet f\u00f6r p\u00e5 grund av samh\u00e4llets f\u00f6rv\u00e4ntningar.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Jag upplever s\u00e4llan sociala situationer som kaotiska. *<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Jag har inget emot om n\u00e5gon avbryter mig n\u00e4r jag \u00e4r mitt uppe i en aktivitet. *<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>N\u00e4r jag arbetar med n\u00e5got \u00e4r jag \u00f6ppen f\u00f6r hj\u00e4lpsamma f\u00f6rslag.*<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Jag har ofta sv\u00e5rt att byta \u00e4mne efter att ha \u00e4gnat mig \u00e5t en aktivitet under en l\u00e4ngre tid.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Jag \u00e4gnar mig ofta \u00e5t aktiviteter som jag brinner f\u00f6r f\u00f6r att komma bort fr\u00e5n \u00e5ngesten.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Rutiner \u00e4r en viktig k\u00e4lla till stabilitet och trygghet.  <\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Jag hanterar os\u00e4kerhet genom att skapa rutiner.  <\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Jag k\u00e4nner ofta \u00e5ngest \u00f6ver fr\u00e5gor som jag inte \u00e4r helt s\u00e4ker p\u00e5.  <\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Jag har sv\u00e5rt att engagera mig i en uppgift som inte intresserar mig, \u00e4ven om den \u00e4r viktig.  <\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Jag tycker ofta att det \u00e4r avslappnande att \u00e4gna mig \u00e5t stimulering (t.ex. att r\u00f6ra p\u00e5 mig, gunga).  <\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Jag brinner vanligtvis f\u00f6r ett f\u00e5tal \u00e4mnen vid varje tidpunkt i mitt liv.  <\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Jag har sv\u00e5rt att filtrera bort ljud n\u00e4r jag inte h\u00e5ller p\u00e5 med n\u00e5got som jag \u00e4r fokuserad p\u00e5.  <\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Jag menar oftast vad jag s\u00e4ger och inte mer \u00e4n s\u00e5.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Jag deltar ofta i l\u00e5nga diskussioner om \u00e4mnen som jag tycker \u00e4r intressanta, \u00e4ven om min samtalspartner inte tycker det.  <\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Ibland r\u00e5kar jag s\u00e4ga n\u00e5got som andra tycker \u00e4r st\u00f6tande\/ of\u00f6rsk\u00e4mt n\u00e4r jag \u00e4r fokuserad p\u00e5 en uppgift.  <\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Jag kan ibland bli mycket uppr\u00f6rd \u00f6ver ett \u00e4mne som andra tycker \u00e4r trivialt.  <\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Jag har l\u00e4tt f\u00f6r att h\u00e4nga med i gruppdiskussioner d\u00e4r alla talar. *<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Ofta n\u00e4r jag \u00e4r fokuserad p\u00e5 aktiviteter m\u00e4rker jag inte att jag \u00e4r t\u00f6rstig eller hungrig.  <\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Ofta n\u00e4r jag \u00e4r fokuserad p\u00e5 aktiviteter m\u00e4rker jag inte att jag beh\u00f6ver g\u00e5 p\u00e5 toaletten.  <\/td><\/tr><tr><td>N\u00e4r det finns mycket information att ta st\u00e4llning till har jag ofta sv\u00e5rt att fatta ett beslut.  <\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Ibland \u00e4r det s\u00e5 sv\u00e5rt att fatta ett beslut att jag fastnar fysiskt.  <\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Ibland fokuserar jag p\u00e5 en h\u00e4ndelse under en l\u00e4ngre tid (dagar) efter h\u00e4ndelsen.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Ibland blir jag mycket orolig n\u00e4r jag fokuserar p\u00e5 de m\u00e5nga m\u00f6jliga situationer som kan uppst\u00e5 vid en framtida h\u00e4ndelse.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Ibland n\u00e4r jag \u00e4r fokuserad p\u00e5 en aktivitet kommer jag inte ih\u00e5g all information som jag kan beh\u00f6va f\u00f6r att fatta bra beslut.  <\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Folk s\u00e4ger att jag blir fixerad vid saker.  <\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Jag tycker att ett problem som jag inte kan l\u00f6sa \u00e4r pl\u00e5gsamt och\/eller sv\u00e5rt att l\u00e4gga ifr\u00e5n sig.  <\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Jag brukar k\u00e4nna mig ganska sj\u00e4lvmedveten om jag inte \u00e4r djupt f\u00f6rsjunken i en uppgift.  <\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Jag fastnar ofta n\u00e4r jag t\u00e4nker p\u00e5 alla m\u00f6jligheter som ett beslut kan leda till.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>N\u00e4r jag \u00e4r intresserad av n\u00e5got tenderar jag att bli passionerad.  <\/td><\/tr><tr><td>N\u00e4r jag \u00e4r intresserad av ett \u00e4mne vill jag l\u00e4ra mig allt jag kan om det \u00e4mnet.  <\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Jag \u00e4r fortfarande fascinerad av m\u00e5nga av de saker som jag var intresserad av n\u00e4r jag var mycket yngre.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Jag upplever s\u00e4llan att jag fastnar i tankebanor. *  <\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Jag \u00e5terkommer ofta till tidigare tankar.  <\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/osf.io\/wpx5g\/\">Garau, V., Woods, R., Chown, N., Hallett, S., Murray, F., Wood, R., Murray, A. &amp; Fletcher-Watson, S. (2023). Fr\u00e5geformul\u00e4ret om monotropism, ramverket f\u00f6r \u00f6ppen vetenskap.<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-file\"><a id=\"wp-block-file--media-903d7d11-06e2-4314-b454-e206fb4e8df2\" href=\"https:\/\/stimpunks.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/MonotropismQuestionnaire-230510.docx\">MonotropismFr\u00e5geformul\u00e4r-230510<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/stimpunks.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/MonotropismQuestionnaire-230510.docx\" class=\"wp-block-file__button wp-element-button\" download=\"\" aria-describedby=\"wp-block-file--media-903d7d11-06e2-4314-b454-e206fb4e8df2\">Ladda ner<\/a><\/div>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-double-empathy-problem\">Problemet med dubbel empati<\/h2>\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-pullquote\"><blockquote><p>Jag finner stort v\u00e4rde och mening i mitt liv, och jag har ingen \u00f6nskan om att bli botad fr\u00e5n att vara mig sj\u00e4lv. Om du vill hj\u00e4lpa mig, f\u00f6rs\u00f6k inte att f\u00f6r\u00e4ndra mig s\u00e5 att jag passar in i din v\u00e4rld. F\u00f6rs\u00f6k inte begr\u00e4nsa mig till n\u00e5gon liten del av v\u00e4rlden som du kan \u00e4ndra f\u00f6r att passa mig.  <strong>Ge mig v\u00e4rdigheten att m\u00f6ta mig p\u00e5 mina egna villkor &#8211; erk\u00e4nn att vi \u00e4r lika fr\u00e4mmande f\u00f6r varandra, att mina s\u00e4tt att vara inte bara \u00e4r skadade versioner av dina.<\/strong>  Ifr\u00e5gas\u00e4tt dina antaganden. Definiera dina villkor. Samarbeta med mig f\u00f6r att bygga fler broar mellan oss.<\/p><cite>Sinclair 1992a, s.302<\/cite><\/blockquote><\/figure>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-from-finding-a-voice-to-being-understood-exploring-the-double-empathy-problem\">Fr\u00e5n att hitta en r\u00f6st till att bli f\u00f6rst\u00e5dd: att utforska det dubbla empatiproblemet<\/h3>\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p id=\"htoc-the-double-empathy-problem-refers-to-the-mutual-incomprehension-that-occurs-between-people-of-different-dispositional-outlooks-and-personal-conceptual-understandings-when-attempts-are-made-to-communicate-meaning\">Det &#8220;dubbla empatiproblemet&#8221; avser den <strong>\u00f6msesidiga of\u00f6rst\u00e5else<\/strong> som uppst\u00e5r mellan m\u00e4nniskor med olika dispositioner och personliga begreppsf\u00f6rst\u00e5elser n\u00e4r man f\u00f6rs\u00f6ker kommunicera mening.<\/p>\n<cite><a href=\"http:\/\/www.autscape.org\/2013\/programme\/handouts\/Double%20empathy%20problem.pdf\">Fr\u00e5n att hitta en r\u00f6st till att bli f\u00f6rst\u00e5dd: att utforska det dubbla empatiproblemet<\/a><\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"htoc-autism-and-the-double-empathy-problem-conversations-on-empathy\">Autism och det &#8220;dubbla empatiproblemet&#8221; | Conversations on Empathy<\/h3>\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p id=\"htoc-the-deficit-model-of-autistic-social-interaction-fails-to-acknowledge-relationality-and-how-social-reality-is-constantly-reconstructed-and-contested-by-social-agents-often-representing-the-autistic-person-as-lacking-agency-of-being-somehow-outside-of-society-and-processes-of-socialisation-and-there-fore-outside-of-normalised-concepts-of-empathy-this-notion-of-autistic-people-as-being-in-deficit-is-reinforced-by-a-variety-of-theories-and-accom-panying-narratives-in-relation-to-their-sociality-and-interaction-whereby-autistic-people-are-framed-as-lacking-a-theory-of-mind-baron-cohen-et-al-1985-lacking-in-empathy-baron-cohen-et-al-2002-and-being-mindblind-baron-cohen-1995-particularly-of-note-are-the-assertions-that-a-theory-of-mind-is-a-quintessential-aspect-of-being-human-baron-cohen-2000-p-3-and-that-autistic-people-are-unable-to-empathise-baron-cohen-et-al-2002-assumptions-surrounding-what-constitutes-empathising-and-systemising-and-their-association-with-specific-genders-and-gender-roles-sample-2013-has-led-to-critique-and-debate-on-the-usefulness-of-this-concept-when-applied-to-autistic-people-empathising-in-relation-to-autistic-people-has-been-defined-as-having-an-appropriate-emotional-reaction-to-another-person-s-thoughts-and-feelings-baron-cohen-2009-questions-remain-as-to-who-defines-an-appropriate-emotional-response-although-some-may-link-empathising-with-aective-empathy-davis-1994-social-norms-may-contribute-to-what-may-be-considered-appropriate-in-terms-of-the-appropriateness-of-an-emo-tional-response-discussions-of-appropriateness-of-emotional-response-run-the-risk-of-radically-othering-social-actors-from-dierent-lifeworlds-through-situating-the-interactional-onto-the-individual-in-this-case-the-autistic-indi-vidual-who-sits-at-a-disempowered-position-milton-2016\">Underskottsmodellen f\u00f6r autistisk social interaktion erk\u00e4nner inte relationalitet och hur den sociala verkligheten st\u00e4ndigt rekonstrueras och ifr\u00e5gas\u00e4tts av sociala akt\u00f6rer, och framst\u00e4ller ofta den autistiska personen som en person som saknar handlingskraft, som p\u00e5 n\u00e5got s\u00e4tt st\u00e5r utanf\u00f6r samh\u00e4llet och socialiseringsprocesser, och d\u00e4rf\u00f6r utanf\u00f6r &#8220;normaliserade&#8221; begrepp som empati. Denna uppfattning om autistiska personer som underutvecklade f\u00f6rst\u00e4rks av en rad olika teorier och medf\u00f6ljande ber\u00e4ttelser om deras socialitet och interaktion, d\u00e4r autistiska personer framst\u00e4lls som om de saknar en theory of mind (Baron-Cohen et al. 1985), saknar empati (Baron-Cohen et al. 2002) och \u00e4r &#8220;blinda f\u00f6r hj\u00e4rnan&#8221; (Baron-Cohen 1995). S\u00e4rskilt anm\u00e4rkningsv\u00e4rda \u00e4r p\u00e5st\u00e5endena att en theory of mind \u00e4r en &#8220;grundl\u00e4ggande aspekt av att vara m\u00e4nniska&#8221; (Baron-Cohen 2000, s. 3) och att autistiska personer inte kan k\u00e4nna empati (Baron-Cohen et al. 2002). Antaganden om vad som utg\u00f6r &#8220;empati&#8221; och &#8220;systematisering&#8221;, och deras koppling till specifika k\u00f6n och k\u00f6nsroller (Sample 2013), har lett till kritik och debatt om anv\u00e4ndbarheten av detta koncept n\u00e4r det till\u00e4mpas p\u00e5 autistiska personer. Empati i relation till autistiska personer har definierats som &#8220;att ha en l\u00e4mplig k\u00e4nslom\u00e4ssig reaktion p\u00e5 en annan persons tankar och k\u00e4nslor&#8221; (Baron-Cohen 2009). Fr\u00e5gor kvarst\u00e5r om vem som definierar en &#8220;l\u00e4mplig&#8221; k\u00e4nslom\u00e4ssig reaktion. \u00c4ven om vissa f\u00f6rknippar empati med effektiv empati (Davis 1994), kan sociala normer bidra till vad som kan anses vara &#8220;l\u00e4mpligt&#8221; n\u00e4r det g\u00e4ller l\u00e4mpligheten av en emotionell reaktion. Diskussioner om &#8220;l\u00e4mplig k\u00e4nslom\u00e4ssig respons&#8221; riskerar att radikalt utest\u00e4nga sociala akt\u00f6rer fr\u00e5n olika livsv\u00e4rldar, genom att interaktionen placeras p\u00e5 individen &#8211; i det h\u00e4r fallet den autistiska individen som sitter i en maktl\u00f6s position (Milton 2016).  <\/p>\n<cite><a href=\"https:\/\/www.taylorfrancis.com\/chapters\/oa-edit\/10.4324\/9781003189978-6\/autism-double-empathy-problem-damian-milton-krysia-emily-waldock-nathan-keates?context=ubx&amp;refId=7ace5bac-20de-4ca7-9dd2-5e8ccde79919\">Autism och det &#8220;dubbla empatiproblemet&#8221; | Conversations on Empathy<\/a><\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-the-double-empathy-problem-ten-years-on\">Det &#8220;dubbla empatiproblemet&#8221;: Tio \u00e5r senare<\/h3>\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p id=\"htoc-in-simple-terms-the-double-empathy-problem-refers-to-a-breakdown-in-mutual-understanding-that-can-happen-between-any-two-people-and-hence-a-problem-for-both-parties-to-contend-with-yet-more-likely-to-occur-when-people-of-very-differing-dispositions-attempt-to-interact-within-the-context-of-exchanges-between-autistic-and-non-autistic-people-however-the-locus-of-the-problem-has-traditionally-been-seen-to-reside-in-the-brain-of-the-autistic-person-this-results-in-autism-being-primarily-framed-in-terms-of-a-social-communication-disorder-rather-than-interaction-between-autistic-and-non-autistic-people-as-a-primarily-mutual-and-interpersonal-issue\">Enkelt uttryckt inneb\u00e4r det &#8220;dubbla empatiproblemet&#8221; en bristande \u00f6msesidig f\u00f6rst\u00e5else (som kan intr\u00e4ffa mellan tv\u00e5 m\u00e4nniskor) och d\u00e4rmed ett problem f\u00f6r b\u00e5da parter att hantera, men som \u00e4r mer sannolikt n\u00e4r m\u00e4nniskor med mycket olika l\u00e4ggning f\u00f6rs\u00f6ker interagera. N\u00e4r det g\u00e4ller utbyten mellan autistiska och icke-autistiska personer har man dock traditionellt sett att problemet ligger i den autistiska personens hj\u00e4rna. Detta resulterar i att autism i f\u00f6rsta hand betraktas som en st\u00f6rning i den sociala kommunikationen, snarare \u00e4n att interaktionen mellan autistiska och icke-autistiska personer i f\u00f6rsta hand \u00e4r en \u00f6msesidig och interpersonell fr\u00e5ga.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p id=\"htoc-it-has-been-10-years-since-the-double-empathy-problem-as-a-term-was-first-described-within-the-pages-of-an-academic-journal-milton-2012-although-importantly-the-conceptualisation-of-the-issue-has-since-its-inception-been-influenced-by-and-framed-within-a-broader-history-of-academic-theorising-particularly-from-the-disciplines-of-sociology-and-philosophy-yet-this-coining-of-the-term-helped-express-an-issue-that-had-long-been-discussed-within-autistic-community-spaces-the-initial-conceptualising-of-the-double-empathy-problem-was-critical-of-theory-of-mind-accounts-of-autism-and-suggested-that-the-success-of-an-interaction-partly-depended-on-two-people-sharing-similar-experiences-of-ways-of-being-in-the-world-this-is-not-to-say-that-autistic-people-will-automatically-be-able-to-connect-and-feel-empathy-with-other-autistic-people-they-meet-any-more-than-two-random-non-autistic-people-would-however-there-is-greater-potential-for-such-at-least-in-how-being-autistic-or-not-shapes-experiences-of-the-social-world-an-obvious-example-would-be-how-differing-sensory-perceptions-would-impact-communicating-with-others-and-shared-understanding\">Det har g\u00e5tt tio \u00e5r sedan begreppet &#8220;dubbel empati&#8221; f\u00f6rst beskrevs i en akademisk tidskrift<a href=\"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/13623613221129123#bibr14-13623613221129123\">(Milton, 2012<\/a>). \u00c4ven om det \u00e4r viktigt att notera att konceptualiseringen av fr\u00e5gan sedan starten har p\u00e5verkats av och inramats av en bredare historia av akademisk teoribildning (s\u00e4rskilt fr\u00e5n disciplinerna sociologi och filosofi). Men detta myntande av termen hj\u00e4lpte till att uttrycka en fr\u00e5ga som l\u00e4nge hade diskuterats inom autistiska gemenskaper. Den f\u00f6rsta konceptualiseringen av problemet med dubbel empati var kritisk till teorier om autism och antydde att en lyckad interaktion delvis berodde p\u00e5 att tv\u00e5 personer hade liknande erfarenheter av hur de var i v\u00e4rlden. D\u00e4rmed inte sagt att autistiska personer automatiskt kommer att kunna knyta an till och k\u00e4nna empati med andra autistiska personer de m\u00f6ter, lika lite som tv\u00e5 slumpm\u00e4ssigt utvalda icke-autistiska personer skulle kunna g\u00f6ra det. Det finns dock st\u00f6rre potential f\u00f6r detta, \u00e5tminstone n\u00e4r det g\u00e4ller hur autism (eller inte) formar upplevelsen av den sociala v\u00e4rlden. Ett uppenbart exempel \u00e4r hur olika sinnesuppfattningar p\u00e5verkar kommunikationen med andra och den gemensamma f\u00f6rst\u00e5elsen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p id=\"htoc-while-there-is-much-work-to-be-done-to-explore-these-issues-across-multiple-disciplines-the-concept-of-the-double-empathy-problem-has-the-potential-to-aid-a-reframing-of-autism-itself-from-a-social-communication-disorder-to-a-description-of-a-broad-range-of-developmental-differences-and-embodied-experiences-and-how-they-play-out-in-specific-social-and-cultural-contexts-if-this-were-so-it-would-lead-to-a-radical-change-to-current-diagnostic-criteria-this-is-most-important-however-when-considering-best-practice-models-for-supporting-autistic-people-in-a-variety-of-settings-we-already-know-that-interpretations-about-autistic-sociality-from-observations-alone-may-not-be-accurate-doherty-et-al-2022-mitchell-et-al-2021-instead-of-focusing-on-perceived-social-deficits-and-normative-remediation-the-concept-suggests-a-position-of-humility-in-the-face-of-difference-the-need-to-build-rapport-and-understanding-and-not-assume-a-lack-of-capacity-for-understanding-ultimately-the-concept-reminds-us-of-the-social-situatedness-of-the-lives-of-autistic-people-and-those-who-support-them\">\u00c4ven om det finns mycket kvar att g\u00f6ra f\u00f6r att utforska dessa fr\u00e5gor inom flera olika discipliner, har begreppet dubbel empati potential att bidra till en omformulering av autism fr\u00e5n en social kommunikationsst\u00f6rning till en beskrivning av ett brett spektrum av utvecklingsskillnader och f\u00f6rkroppsligade erfarenheter och hur de utspelar sig i specifika sociala och kulturella sammanhang. Om s\u00e5 vore fallet skulle det leda till en radikal f\u00f6r\u00e4ndring av de nuvarande diagnostiska kriterierna. Detta \u00e4r dock viktigast n\u00e4r man \u00f6verv\u00e4ger modeller f\u00f6r b\u00e4sta praxis f\u00f6r att st\u00f6dja autistiska personer i en m\u00e4ngd olika milj\u00f6er. Vi vet redan att tolkningar av autistisk socialitet utifr\u00e5n enbart observationer kanske inte \u00e4r korrekta<a href=\"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/13623613221129123#bibr8-13623613221129123\">(Doherty et al., 2022<\/a>; <a href=\"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/13623613221129123#bibr16-13623613221129123\">Mitchell et al., 2021<\/a>). Ist\u00e4llet f\u00f6r att fokusera p\u00e5 upplevda sociala brister och normativ korrigering, f\u00f6resl\u00e5r konceptet en \u00f6dmjuk inst\u00e4llning inf\u00f6r olikheter, behovet av att bygga relation och f\u00f6rst\u00e5else och inte anta en brist p\u00e5 f\u00f6rm\u00e5ga att f\u00f6rst\u00e5. I slut\u00e4ndan p\u00e5minner konceptet oss om den sociala situationen i livet f\u00f6r autistiska personer och de som st\u00f6der dem.<\/p>\n<cite><a href=\"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/13623613221129123\">Det &#8220;dubbla empatiproblemet&#8221;: tio \u00e5r senare &#8211; Damian Milton, Emine Gurbuz, Betriz Lopez, 2022<\/a><\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-autism-and-the-double-empathy-problem\">Autism och det &#8220;dubbla empatiproblemet<\/h3>\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p id=\"htoc-the-original-published-definition-of-the-double-empathy-problem-is-as-follows\">Den ursprungliga publicerade definitionen av problemet med dubbel empati \u00e4r f\u00f6ljande  <\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>En diskrepans i \u00f6msesidigheten mellan tv\u00e5 olika sociala akt\u00f6rer som blir tydligare ju st\u00f6rre diskrepansen \u00e4r i de olika uppfattningarna om livsv\u00e4rlden &#8211; uppfattas som ett brott mot den &#8220;naturliga inst\u00e4llningen&#8221; till vad som utg\u00f6r &#8220;social verklighet&#8221; f\u00f6r &#8220;neurotypiska&#8221; m\u00e4nniskor och \u00e4nd\u00e5 en vardaglig och ofta traumatisk upplevelse f\u00f6r &#8220;autistiska m\u00e4nniskor&#8221;.  <\/p>\n<cite>(Milton 2012a, p. 884)&nbsp;<\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p id=\"htoc-due-to-differing-qualia-of-experience-social-lifeworlds-dispositional-viewpoints-and-discursive-repertoires-interactions-between-autistic-and-non-autistic-people-are-vulnerable-to-breaches-in-mutual-understanding-framed-as-a-double-problem-as-both-parties-in-the-interaction-will-experience-a-sense-of-disjuncture-not-simply-a-deficit-in-the-autistic-person-s-mind-whilst-this-experience-may-be-novel-for-many-non-autistic-people-it-is-common-place-for-autistic-people-such-a-framing-would-also-suggest-a-greater-likelihood-of-feelings-of-empathy-between-autistic-people-with-one-another-and-with-those-they-have-close-relationships-with-yet-perhaps-over-differing-elements-of-their-lives\">P\u00e5 grund av olika upplevelsekvaliteter, sociala livsv\u00e4rldar, dispositionella syns\u00e4tt och diskursiva repertoarer \u00e4r interaktioner mellan autistiska och icke-autistiska personer s\u00e5rbara f\u00f6r brister i \u00f6msesidig f\u00f6rst\u00e5else, vilket beskrivs som ett &#8220;dubbelt problem&#8221; eftersom b\u00e5da parter i interaktionen upplever en k\u00e4nsla av disjunktion, inte bara ett underskott i den autistiska personens sinne. \u00c4ven om denna upplevelse kan vara ny f\u00f6r m\u00e5nga icke-autistiska personer, \u00e4r den vanlig f\u00f6r autistiska personer. En s\u00e5dan inramning skulle ocks\u00e5 inneb\u00e4ra en st\u00f6rre sannolikhet f\u00f6r k\u00e4nslor av empati mellan autistiska personer sinsemellan och med dem som de har n\u00e4ra relationer med, \u00e4ven om det kanske r\u00f6r sig om olika delar av deras liv.<\/p>\n<cite><a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/366888965_Autism_and_the_\">Autism och det &#8220;dubbla empatiproblemet<\/a><\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p id=\"htoc-these-studies-suggest-that-stereotyped-views-of-autistic-people-are-likely-to-contribute-to-the-double-empathy-problem-and-that-there-may-also-be-differences-between-people-s-perceptions-of-being-helpful-and-actu-ally-being-so-to-others\">Dessa studier tyder p\u00e5 att stereotypa uppfattningar om autistiska personer sannolikt bidrar till problemet med dubbel empati, och att det ocks\u00e5 kan finnas skillnader mellan m\u00e4nniskors uppfattningar om att vara hj\u00e4lpsamma och att faktiskt vara det mot andra.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p id=\"htoc-in-recent-research-by-crompton-et-al-2020-the-transfer-of-informa-tion-between-people-were-studied-across-a-diffusion-chain-of-eight-people-in-total-similar-to-a-game-of-telephone-when-there-were-only-autistic-par-ticipants-or-only-non-autistic-participants-there-was-equally-good-transfer-of-information-however-when-there-was-a-mixed-diffusion-chain-of-autistic-and-non-autistic-people-there-was-a-much-greater-reduction-in-information-successfully-passed-on\">I ny forskning av Crompton et al (2020) studerades \u00f6verf\u00f6ringen av information mellan m\u00e4nniskor i en diffusionskedja med totalt \u00e5tta personer, liknande ett telefonspel. N\u00e4r det bara fanns autistiska deltagare eller bara icke-autistiska deltagare var informations\u00f6verf\u00f6ringen lika bra. Men n\u00e4r det fanns en blandad spridningskedja av autistiska och icke-autistiska personer var det en mycket st\u00f6rre minskning av den information som lyckades f\u00f6ras vidare.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p id=\"htoc-further-research-reflects-the-double-empathy-problem-resulting-in-social-breakdowns-within-a-given-group-the-dominant-form-of-sociality-could-be-suggested-to-be-based-on-social-group-identification-and-dominated-by-non-autistic-people-the-basis-of-autistic-socialisation-is-interest-based-bertilsdotter-rosqvist-2019-the-mismatch-of-social-form-and-enacting-the-necessary-mode-interest-led-versus-social-alignment-may-hinder-the-flow-of-the-group-and-ultimately-result-in-social-exclusion-the-analysis-of-bloggers-posts-indicate-a-double-empathy-problem-through-the-dispar-ity-of-metaperception-and-the-consequential-impact-welch-et-al-2022-there-are-real-life-applications-of-the-double-empathy-problem-across-set-tings-and-dimensions-such-as-in-the-criminal-justice-system-holloway-et-al-2020-education-hummerstone-and-parsons-2021-employment-and-job-interviews-maras-et-al-2021-remington-and-pellicano-2019-and-even-the-daily-dissonance-of-the-autistic-lived-experience-e-g-impression-man-agement-cage-and-troxell-whitman-2019-cook-et-al-2021-schneid-and-raz-2020-understanding-the-use-of-gaming-pavlopoulou-et-al-2022-that-may-include-thwarted-belonging-and-lead-to-suicidality-cassidy-et-al-2018-pelton-et-al-2020-and-breakdowns-in-feelings-of-social-inclusion-and-belonging-between-autistic-and-non-autistic-individuals-waldock-et-al-2021-in-a-study-by-chen-et-al-2021-natural-peer-interactions-among-six-autistic-and-six-non-autistic-young-people-were-observed-over-a-five-month-period-to-examine-peer-preferences-and-real-world-social-interactions-the-findings-showed-that-the-young-people-preferred-within-neurotype-interac-tions-and-that-such-interactions-were-more-reciprocal-and-relational-rather-than-instrumental-such-as-sharing-thoughts-and-experiences\">Ytterligare forskning visar p\u00e5 det &#8220;dubbla empatiproblemet&#8221; som leder till sociala uppdelningar inom en viss grupp. Den dominerande formen av socialitet kan antas vara baserad p\u00e5 identifiering av sociala grupper och domineras av icke-autistiska personer. Grunden f\u00f6r autistisk socialisering \u00e4r intressebaserad (Bertilsdotter-Rosqvist 2019). Om den sociala formen inte st\u00e4mmer \u00f6verens med det n\u00f6dv\u00e4ndiga tillv\u00e4gag\u00e5ngss\u00e4ttet (intressestyrt kontra social anpassning) kan det hindra gruppens fl\u00f6de och i slut\u00e4ndan leda till social utest\u00e4ngning. Analysen av bloggarnas inl\u00e4gg visar p\u00e5 ett &#8220;dubbelt empatiproblem&#8221; genom olikheten i metaperception och den p\u00e5f\u00f6ljande effekten (Welch et al. 2022). Det finns verkliga till\u00e4mpningar av problemet med dubbel empati i olika upps\u00e4ttningar och dimensioner, till exempel inom det straffr\u00e4ttsliga systemet (Holloway et al. 2020), utbildning (Hummerstone och Parsons 2021), anst\u00e4llning och arbetsintervjuer (Maras et al. 2021; Remington och Pellicano 2019) och till och med den dagliga dissonansen i autistiska erfarenheter (t.ex. impression man- agement: Cage och Troxell-Whitman 2019; Cook et al. 2021; Schneid och Raz 2020; f\u00f6rst\u00e5 anv\u00e4ndningen av spel: Pavlopoulou et al. 2022) som kan inkludera &#8220;f\u00f6rhindrad tillh\u00f6righet&#8221; och leda till suicidalitet (Cassidy et al. 2018; Pelton et al. 2020), och uppdelningar i k\u00e4nslor av social inkludering och tillh\u00f6righet mellan autistiska och icke-autistiska individer (Waldock et al. 2021). I en studie av Chen et al (2021) observerades naturliga kamratinteraktioner mellan sex autistiska och sex icke-autistiska ungdomar under en femm\u00e5nadersperiod f\u00f6r att unders\u00f6ka kamratpreferenser och sociala interaktioner i den verkliga v\u00e4rlden. Resultaten visade att ungdomarna f\u00f6redrog interaktioner inom neurotypen och att s\u00e5dana interaktioner var mer \u00f6msesidiga och relationella (snarare \u00e4n instrumentella), som att dela tankar och erfarenheter.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p id=\"htoc-the-evidence-is-thus-building-to-suggest-that-the-theory-of-mind-deficit-theory-of-autism-is-indeed-partial-at-best-with-growing-support-for-the-double-empathy-problem\">Det finns allts\u00e5 allt mer som tyder p\u00e5 att autismteorin om bristande sinnesf\u00f6rnimmelser verkligen \u00e4r &#8220;i b\u00e4sta fall partiell&#8221; och att det finns ett v\u00e4xande st\u00f6d f\u00f6r problemet med dubbel empati.  <\/p>\n<cite><a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/366888965_Autism_and_the_\">Autism och det &#8220;dubbla empatiproblemet<\/a><\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-double-empathy-why-autistic-people-are-often-misunderstood\">Dubbel empati: Varf\u00f6r autistiska personer ofta \u00e4r missf\u00f6rst\u00e5dda<\/h3>\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p id=\"htoc-being-autistic-affects-how-people-make-sense-of-the-world-around-them-and-some-autistic-people-can-find-it-hard-to-communicate-for-a-long-time-research-has-shown-that-autistic-people-can-have-trouble-figuring-out-what-non-autistic-people-are-thinking-and-feeling-and-this-can-make-it-difficult-for-them-to-make-friends-or-to-fit-in-but-recently-studies-have-shown-that-the-problem-goes-both-ways-people-who-are-not-autistic-also-have-trouble-figuring-out-what-autistic-people-are-thinking-and-feeling-it-is-not-just-autistic-people-who-struggle\">Att vara autistisk p\u00e5verkar hur m\u00e4nniskor uppfattar sin omv\u00e4rld, och vissa autistiska personer kan ha sv\u00e5rt att kommunicera. Forskning har l\u00e4nge visat att autistiska personer kan ha sv\u00e5rt att f\u00f6rst\u00e5 vad icke-autistiska personer t\u00e4nker och k\u00e4nner, vilket kan g\u00f6ra det sv\u00e5rt f\u00f6r dem att f\u00e5 v\u00e4nner eller att passa in. Men nyligen har studier visat att problemet g\u00e5r \u00e5t b\u00e5da h\u00e5llen: personer som inte \u00e4r autistiska har ocks\u00e5 sv\u00e5rt att f\u00f6rst\u00e5 vad autistiska personer t\u00e4nker och k\u00e4nner! Det \u00e4r inte bara autistiska personer som k\u00e4mpar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p id=\"htoc-a-theory-that-helps-to-describe-what-happens-when-autistic-and-non-autistic-people-struggle-to-understand-each-other-is-called-the-double-empathy-problem-empathy-is-defined-as-the-ability-to-understand-or-be-aware-of-the-feelings-thoughts-and-experiences-of-others-according-to-the-double-empathy-problem-empathy-is-a-two-way-process-that-depends-a-lot-on-our-ways-of-doing-things-and-our-expectations-from-previous-social-experiences-which-can-be-very-different-for-autistic-and-non-autistic-people-these-differences-can-lead-to-a-breakdown-in-communication-that-can-be-distressing-for-both-autistic-and-non-autistic-people-it-might-sometimes-be-difficult-for-non-autistic-parents-to-understand-what-their-autistic-child-is-feeling-or-autistic-people-might-feel-frustrated-when-they-cannot-effectively-communicate-their-thoughts-and-feelings-to-others-in-this-way-communication-barriers-between-autistic-and-non-autistic-people-can-make-it-more-difficult-for-them-to-connect-share-experiences-and-empathize-with-one-another\">En teori som hj\u00e4lper till att beskriva vad som h\u00e4nder n\u00e4r autistiska och icke-autistiska personer har sv\u00e5rt att f\u00f6rst\u00e5 varandra kallas det dubbla empatiproblemet. Empati definieras som f\u00f6rm\u00e5gan att f\u00f6rst\u00e5 eller vara medveten om andras k\u00e4nslor, tankar och upplevelser. Enligt det dubbla empatiproblemet \u00e4r empati en dubbelriktad process som beror mycket p\u00e5 v\u00e5ra s\u00e4tt att g\u00f6ra saker och v\u00e5ra f\u00f6rv\u00e4ntningar fr\u00e5n tidigare sociala erfarenheter, som kan vara mycket olika f\u00f6r autistiska och icke-autistiska personer. Dessa skillnader kan leda till en kommunikationsbrist som kan vara pl\u00e5gsam f\u00f6r b\u00e5de autistiska och icke-autistiska personer. Ibland kan det vara sv\u00e5rt f\u00f6r icke-autistiska f\u00f6r\u00e4ldrar att f\u00f6rst\u00e5 vad deras autistiska barn k\u00e4nner, eller s\u00e5 kan autistiska personer k\u00e4nna sig frustrerade n\u00e4r de inte kan kommunicera sina tankar och k\u00e4nslor till andra p\u00e5 ett effektivt s\u00e4tt. P\u00e5 s\u00e5 s\u00e4tt kan kommunikationshinder mellan autistiska och icke-autistiska personer g\u00f6ra det sv\u00e5rare f\u00f6r dem att f\u00e5 kontakt, dela erfarenheter och k\u00e4nna empati med varandra.<\/p>\n<cite><a href=\"https:\/\/kids.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/frym.2021.554875\">Dubbel empati: Varf\u00f6r autistiska personer ofta missf\u00f6rst\u00e5s &#8211; Frontiers for Young Minds<\/a><\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-practitioner-experience-of-the-impact-of-humanistic-methods-on-autism-practice-a-preliminary-study\">Praktikernas erfarenheter av humanistiska metoders inverkan p\u00e5 autism: en prelimin\u00e4r studie<\/h3>\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p id=\"htoc-we-found-neurotypical-neurodivergent-encounters-manifest-this-double-empathy-problem-with-practitioners-displaying-limited-capacity-for-neurodivergent-intersubjectivity-leading-to-misempathy-and-lack-of-relational-depth-this-study-has-demonstrated-a-need-for-less-focus-on-remediation-and-greater-focus-on-shifting-practitioner-capacity-for-humanistic-relating\">Vi fann att m\u00f6ten mellan neurotypiska och neurodivergenta personer manifesterar detta dubbla empatiproblem, med <strong>ut\u00f6vare som visar begr\u00e4nsad kapacitet<\/strong> f\u00f6r neurodivergent intersubjektivitet som leder till <strong>felempati och brist p\u00e5 relationellt djup<\/strong>.<br\/><br\/>Denna studie har visat att det finns ett behov av <strong>mindre fokus p\u00e5 korrigering<\/strong> och <strong>st\u00f6rre fokus p\u00e5 att f\u00f6r\u00e4ndra ut\u00f6varnas f\u00f6rm\u00e5ga till humanistiska relationer<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<cite><a href=\"https:\/\/strathprints.strath.ac.uk\/73052\/\">Praktikernas erfarenheter av humanistiska metoders inverkan p\u00e5 autism: en prelimin\u00e4r studie<\/a><\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-a-mismatch-of-salience\">En missmatchning av salience<\/h3>\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote has-text-align-wide is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p id=\"htoc-to-be-defined-as-abnormal-in-society-is-often-conflated-with-being-perceived-as-pathological-in-some-way-and-to-be-socially-stigmatised-shunned-and-sanctioned-then-if-there-is-a-breakdown-in-interaction-or-indeed-a-failed-attempt-to-align-toward-expressions-of-meaning-a-person-who-sees-their-interactions-as-normal-and-correct-can-denigrate-those-who-act-or-are-perceived-as-different-tajfeel-amp-turner-1979-if-one-can-apply-a-label-on-the-other-locating-the-problem-in-them-it-also-resolves-the-applier-of-the-label-s-natural-attitude-of-responsibility-in-their-own-perceptions-and-the-breach-is-healed-perceptually-but-not-for-the-person-who-has-been-othered-said-1978\">Att definieras som onormal i samh\u00e4llet \u00e4r ofta liktydigt med att uppfattas som &#8220;patologisk&#8221; p\u00e5 n\u00e5got s\u00e4tt och att vara socialt stigmatiserad, undanskuffad och sanktionerad. Om det sedan uppst\u00e5r ett sammanbrott i interaktionen, eller till och med ett misslyckat f\u00f6rs\u00f6k att anpassa sig till meningsuttryck, kan en person som ser sin interaktion som &#8220;normal&#8221; och &#8220;korrekt&#8221; nedv\u00e4rdera dem som agerar eller uppfattas som &#8220;annorlunda&#8221; (Tajfeel &amp; Turner, 1979). Om man kan s\u00e4tta en etikett p\u00e5 &#8220;den andre&#8221; och lokalisera problemet hos denne, l\u00f6ser det ocks\u00e5 etikettanv\u00e4ndarens &#8220;naturliga inst\u00e4llning&#8221; till ansvar f\u00f6r sina egna uppfattningar och brottet l\u00e4ks perceptuellt, men inte f\u00f6r den person som har blivit &#8220;annan&#8221; (Said, 1978).<\/p>\n<cite><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pavpub.com\/a-mismatch-of-salience\/\">En missmatchning av salience | Pavilion Publishing and Media<\/a><\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-the-problem-with-autistic-communication-is-non-autistic-people-a-conversation-with-dr-catherine-crompton\">Problemet med autistisk kommunikation \u00e4r icke-autistiska personer: Ett samtal med Dr. Catherine Crompton<\/h3>\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p id=\"htoc-firstly-we-ve-had-a-huge-amount-of-first-person-accounts-and-anecdotal-evidence-that-autistic-people-can-find-spending-time-with-other-autistic-people-more-comfortable-and-easier-and-less-stressful-and-just-easier-than-interacting-with-non-autistic-people-we-ve-heard-a-lot-from-people-who-have-said-once-i-found-more-autistic-people-i-thought-i-had-found-my-community-and-this-kind-of-stuff-and-we-didn-t-have-any-empirical-evidence-to-back-that-at-all\">F\u00f6r det f\u00f6rsta har vi f\u00e5tt en enorm m\u00e4ngd personliga ber\u00e4ttelser och anekdotiska bevis f\u00f6r att autistiska personer kan tycka att det \u00e4r bekv\u00e4mare, enklare och mindre stressande att umg\u00e5s med andra autistiska personer, och helt enkelt enklare \u00e4n att interagera med icke-autistiska personer. Vi har h\u00f6rt mycket fr\u00e5n m\u00e4nniskor som har sagt: &#8220;N\u00e4r jag hittade fler autistiska m\u00e4nniskor trodde jag att jag hade hittat min gemenskap&#8221; och liknande saker. Och vi hade inga som helst empiriska bevis f\u00f6r detta.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p id=\"htoc-we-ve-got-a-theoretical-framework-within-the-double-empathy-problem-which-kind-of-says-a-similar-thing-in-that-the-problems-of-interacting-and-interactions-between-autistic-and-neurotypical-people-isn-t-necessarily-all-down-to-a-deficit-on-the-part-of-the-autistic-person-it-s-more-to-do-with-a-mismatch-in-communication-style-and-mismatch-in-background\">Vi har ett teoretiskt ramverk inom det <a href=\"https:\/\/network.autism.org.uk\/knowledge\/insight-opinion\/double-empathy-problem\">dubbla empatiproblemet<\/a> som s\u00e4ger ungef\u00e4r samma sak, n\u00e4mligen att problemen med interaktion och samspel mellan autistiska och neurotypiska personer inte n\u00f6dv\u00e4ndigtvis beror p\u00e5 ett underskott hos den autistiska personen. Det har mer att g\u00f6ra med en skillnad i kommunikationsstil och en skillnad i bakgrund.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p id=\"htoc-there-is-now-a-growing-body-of-evidence-that-s-looking-at-double-empathy-problem-matters-but-when-we-started-this-project-we-were-really-keen-to-try-to-address-these-two-areas-in-an-empirical-and-data-driven-way-to-see-whether-this-is-something-that-we-could-explore-scientifically-in-a-controlled-fashion-we-were-really-interested-to-see-if-our-theories-would-stand-up-to-empirical-tests\">Det finns nu en v\u00e4xande m\u00e4ngd bevis som visar att dubbel empati \u00e4r viktigt, men n\u00e4r vi startade det h\u00e4r projektet var vi verkligen angel\u00e4gna om att f\u00f6rs\u00f6ka ta itu med dessa tv\u00e5 omr\u00e5den p\u00e5 ett empiriskt och datadrivet s\u00e4tt, f\u00f6r att se om detta \u00e4r n\u00e5got som vi kan utforska vetenskapligt p\u00e5 ett kontrollerat s\u00e4tt. Vi var verkligen intresserade av att se om v\u00e5ra teorier skulle h\u00e5lla f\u00f6r empiriska tester.<\/p>\n<cite><a href=\"https:\/\/thinkingautismguide.com\/2019\/05\/the-problem-with-autistic-communication.html\">Problemet med autistisk kommunikation \u00e4r icke-autistiska m\u00e4nniskor: Ett samtal med dr Catherine Crompton &#8211; THINKING PERSON&#8217;S GUIDE TO AUTISM<\/a><\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-the-double-empathy-problem\">Problemet med dubbel empati<\/h3>\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p id=\"htoc-whilst-it-is-true-that-autistic-people-can-struggle-to-process-and-understand-the-intentions-of-others-within-social-interactions-when-one-listens-to-the-accounts-of-autistic-people-one-could-say-such-problems-are-in-both-directions-theory-of-autistic-minds-often-seem-to-leave-a-lot-to-be-desired-and-we-would-not-need-organisations-like-the-national-autistic-society-trying-to-spread-awareness-and-understanding-of-autism-if-it-were-so-easy-to-empathise-with-autistic-ways-of-perceiving-and-being-in-the-world-from-the-earliest-written-accounts-of-autistic-people-one-can-see-numerous-mentions-of-this-lack-of-understanding-from-others-it-is-this-issue-of-empathy-problems-between-autistic-and-non-autistic-people-being-mutual-in-character-that-led-to-the-development-of-the-double-empathy-problem-as-a-theory\">Det \u00e4r visserligen sant att autistiska personer kan ha sv\u00e5rt att bearbeta och f\u00f6rst\u00e5 andras avsikter i sociala interaktioner, men n\u00e4r man lyssnar p\u00e5 autistiska personers ber\u00e4ttelser skulle man kunna s\u00e4ga att s\u00e5dana problem finns i b\u00e5da riktningarna. Teorier om autistiska sinnen verkar ofta l\u00e4mna mycket \u00f6vrigt att \u00f6nska, och vi skulle inte beh\u00f6va organisationer som National Autistic Society som f\u00f6rs\u00f6ker sprida medvetenhet och f\u00f6rst\u00e5else f\u00f6r autism om det var s\u00e5 l\u00e4tt att k\u00e4nna empati f\u00f6r autistiska s\u00e4tt att uppfatta och vara i v\u00e4rlden. Fr\u00e5n de tidigaste skriftliga ber\u00e4ttelserna om autistiska personer kan man se m\u00e5nga omn\u00e4mnanden av denna brist p\u00e5 f\u00f6rst\u00e5else fr\u00e5n andra. Det \u00e4r denna fr\u00e5ga om att empatiproblem mellan autistiska och icke-autistiska personer \u00e4r av \u00f6msesidig karakt\u00e4r som ledde till utvecklingen av det &#8220;dubbla empatiproblemet&#8221; som en teori.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p id=\"htoc-simply-put-the-theory-of-the-double-empathy-problem-suggests-that-when-people-with-very-different-experiences-of-the-world-interact-with-one-another-they-will-struggle-to-empathise-with-each-other-this-is-likely-to-be-exacerbated-through-differences-in-language-use-and-comprehension-i-first-started-to-publish-theoretical-accounts-of-this-issue-in-the-early-2010s-yet-similar-ideas-can-be-found-in-the-work-of-luke-beardon-regarding-cross-neurological-theory-of-mind-and-in-that-of-the-philosopher-ian-hacking\">Enkelt uttryckt inneb\u00e4r <strong>teorin om det dubbla empatiproblemet att n\u00e4r m\u00e4nniskor med mycket olika erfarenheter av v\u00e4rlden interagerar med varandra kommer de att ha sv\u00e5rt att k\u00e4nna empati med varandra<\/strong>. Detta f\u00f6rv\u00e4rras sannolikt av skillnader i spr\u00e5kanv\u00e4ndning och spr\u00e5kf\u00f6rst\u00e5else. Jag b\u00f6rjade f\u00f6rst publicera teoretiska redog\u00f6relser f\u00f6r denna fr\u00e5ga i b\u00f6rjan av 2010-talet, men liknande id\u00e9er finns i <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shu.ac.uk\/about-us\/our-people\/staff-profiles\/luke-beardon\">Luke Beardons<\/a> arbete om &#8220;korsneurologisk theory of mind&#8221; och i filosofen Ian Hackings arbete.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p id=\"htoc-more-recently-research-by-elizabeth-sheppard-and-team-at-the-university-of-nottingham-brett-heasman-at-the-london-school-of-economics-and-noah-sasson-at-the-university-of-texas-at-dallas-have-shown-that-in-experimental-conditions-non-autistic-people-struggled-to-read-the-emotions-of-autistic-participants-or-form-negative-first-impressions-of-autistic-people-such-evidence-would-suggest-that-the-dominant-psychological-theories-of-autism-are-partial-explanations-at-best\">Nyare forskning av  <a href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10803-015-2662-8\">Elizabeth Sheppard<\/a>  och team vid University of Nottingham,  <a href=\"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full\/10.1177\/1362361317708287\">Brett Heasman<\/a>  vid London School of Economics, och  <a href=\"https:\/\/bbs.utdallas.edu\/faculty\/detail.php?i=511\">Noah Sasson<\/a>  vid University of Texas i Dallas, har visat att icke-autistiska personer under experimentella f\u00f6rh\u00e5llanden hade sv\u00e5rt att l\u00e4sa av k\u00e4nslor hos autistiska deltagare, eller bilda sig negativa f\u00f6rsta intryck av autistiska personer. S\u00e5dana bevis tyder p\u00e5 att de dominerande psykologiska teorierna om autism i b\u00e4sta fall \u00e4r partiella f\u00f6rklaringar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p id=\"htoc-according-to-the-theory-of-the-double-empathy-problem-these-issues-are-not-due-to-autistic-cognition-alone-but-a-breakdown-in-reciprocity-and-mutual-understanding-that-can-happen-between-people-with-very-differing-ways-of-experiencing-the-world-if-one-has-ever-experienced-a-conversation-with-someone-who-one-does-not-share-a-first-language-with-or-even-an-interest-in-the-topic-of-a-conversation-one-may-experience-something-similar-albeit-probably-briefly\">Enligt teorin om det &#8220;dubbla empatiproblemet&#8221; beror dessa problem inte enbart p\u00e5 autistisk kognition, utan p\u00e5 en brist p\u00e5 \u00f6msesidighet och \u00f6msesidig f\u00f6rst\u00e5else som kan uppst\u00e5 mellan m\u00e4nniskor med mycket olika s\u00e4tt att uppleva v\u00e4rlden. Om man n\u00e5gon g\u00e5ng har haft ett samtal med n\u00e5gon som man inte delar modersm\u00e5l med, eller ens ett intresse f\u00f6r samtals\u00e4mnet, kan man uppleva n\u00e5got liknande (om \u00e4n f\u00f6rmodligen kortvarigt).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p id=\"htoc-this-theory-would-also-suggest-that-those-with-similar-experiences-are-more-likely-to-form-connections-and-a-level-of-understanding-which-has-ramifications-in-regard-to-autistic-people-being-able-to-meet-one-another\">Denna teori skulle ocks\u00e5 inneb\u00e4ra att personer med liknande erfarenheter \u00e4r mer ben\u00e4gna att skapa kontakter och en niv\u00e5 av f\u00f6rst\u00e5else, vilket har konsekvenser n\u00e4r det g\u00e4ller autistiska personers m\u00f6jlighet att tr\u00e4ffa varandra.<\/p>\n<cite><a href=\"https:\/\/www.autism.org.uk\/advice-and-guidance\/professional-practice\/double-empathy\">Problemet med dubbel empati<\/a><\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-diversity-in-social-intelligence\">M\u00e5ngfald i social intelligens<\/h3>\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p id=\"htoc-our-interim-findings-can-be-summarised-as-follows\">V\u00e5ra prelimin\u00e4ra slutsatser kan sammanfattas enligt f\u00f6ljande<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Autistiska personer delar information med andra autistiska personer lika effektivt som icke-autistiska personer g\u00f6r.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Informationsdelning kan misslyckas n\u00e4r paren kommer fr\u00e5n olika neurotyper &#8211; n\u00e4r det finns en autistisk och en icke-autistisk person.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Dessa f\u00f6rdelar med informationsutbyte \u00e5tf\u00f6ljs av k\u00e4nslor av samf\u00f6rst\u00e5nd mellan personer med samma neurotyp &#8211; autistiska personer har b\u00e4ttre samf\u00f6rst\u00e5nd med andra autistiska personer, och icke-autistiska personer har b\u00e4ttre samf\u00f6rst\u00e5nd med icke-autistiska personer.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Externa observat\u00f6rer kan uppt\u00e4cka bristen p\u00e5 samf\u00f6rst\u00e5nd i interaktioner mellan autistiska och icke-autistiska personer.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p id=\"htoc-in-essence-what-we-are-demonstrating-for-the-first-time-is-that-autistic-people-s-social-behaviour-includes-effective-communication-and-effective-social-interaction-in-direct-contradiction-of-the-diagnostic-criteria-for-autism-we-have-for-the-first-time-uncovered-empirical-evidence-that-there-is-a-form-of-social-intelligence-that-is-specific-to-autistic-people\">I grund och botten visar vi f\u00f6r f\u00f6rsta g\u00e5ngen att autistiska personers sociala beteende omfattar effektiv kommunikation och effektiv social interaktion, i direkt motsats till de diagnostiska kriterierna f\u00f6r autism. Vi har f\u00f6r f\u00f6rsta g\u00e5ngen funnit empiriska bevis f\u00f6r att det finns en form av social intelligens som \u00e4r specifik f\u00f6r autistiska personer.<\/p>\n<cite><a href=\"http:\/\/dart.ed.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/Diversity-in-Social-Intelligence-Participant-Summary-.pdf\">M\u00e5ngfald i social intelligens<\/a><\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-neurotype-matching-but-not-being-autistic-influences-self-and-observer-ratings-of-interpersonal-rapport\">Neurotypmatchning, men inte att vara autistisk, p\u00e5verkar sj\u00e4lv- och observat\u00f6rsbed\u00f6mningar av interpersonell rapport<\/h3>\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p id=\"htoc-the-double-empathy-problem-suggests-that-communicative-difficulties-between-autistic-and-non-autistic-people-are-due-to-bi-directional-differences-in-communicative-style-and-a-reciprocal-lack-of-understanding-if-true-there-should-be-increased-similarity-in-interaction-style-resulting-in-higher-rapport-during-interactions-between-pairs-of-the-same-neurotype-here-we-provide-two-empirical-tests-of-rapport-with-data-revealing-whether-self-and-observer-rated-rapport-varies-depending-on-the-match-or-mismatch-in-autism-status-within-a-pair\">Det dubbla empatiproblemet inneb\u00e4r att kommunikationssv\u00e5righeter mellan autistiska och icke-autistiska personer beror p\u00e5 dubbelriktade skillnader i kommunikationsstil och en \u00f6msesidig brist p\u00e5 f\u00f6rst\u00e5else. Om detta \u00e4r sant b\u00f6r det finnas en \u00f6kad likhet i interaktionsstil, vilket resulterar i h\u00f6gre samf\u00f6rst\u00e5nd under interaktioner mellan par av samma neurotyp. H\u00e4r presenterar vi tv\u00e5 empiriska tester av rapport, med data som visar om sj\u00e4lv- och observat\u00f6rsbed\u00f6md rapport varierar beroende p\u00e5 matchning eller missmatchning i autismstatus inom ett par.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p id=\"htoc-in-summary-autistic-people-experience-high-interactional-rapport-when-interacting-with-other-autistic-people-and-this-is-also-detected-by-external-observers-rather-than-autistic-people-experiencing-low-rapport-in-all-contexts-their-rapport-ratings-are-influenced-by-a-mismatch-of-diagnosis-these-findings-suggest-that-autistic-people-possess-a-distinct-mode-of-social-interaction-style-rather-than-demonstrating-social-skills-deficits-these-data-are-considered-in-terms-of-their-implications-for-psychological-theories-of-autism-as-well-as-practical-impact-on-educational-and-clinical-practice\">Sammanfattningsvis upplever autistiska personer h\u00f6g interaktionell samst\u00e4mmighet n\u00e4r de interagerar med andra autistiska personer, och detta uppt\u00e4cks ocks\u00e5 av externa observat\u00f6rer. I st\u00e4llet f\u00f6r att autistiska personer upplever l\u00e5g samst\u00e4mmighet i alla sammanhang, p\u00e5verkas deras samst\u00e4mmighetsbed\u00f6mningar av en felaktig diagnos. Dessa resultat tyder p\u00e5 att autistiska personer har en s\u00e4rskild typ av social interaktionsstil, snarare \u00e4n att de uppvisar brister i sociala f\u00e4rdigheter. Dessa data beaktas med avseende p\u00e5 deras konsekvenser f\u00f6r psykologiska teorier om autism, samt praktisk inverkan p\u00e5 utbildning och klinisk praxis.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p id=\"htoc-the-results-indicate-that-participants-regardless-of-diagnostic-status-give-poorer-ratings-of-rapport-for-mixed-neurotype-pairs-than-for-matched-neurotype-pairs-this-suggests-a-mismatch-between-neurotypes-results-in-lower-ratings-of-rapport-and-that-subtle-verbal-and-non-verbal-cues-to-rapport-are-similarly-perceptible-by-autistic-and-non-autistic-individuals-interestingly-rapport-scores-were-significantly-higher-for-the-autistic-pairs-than-non-autistic-pairs-indicating-that-the-autistic-dyads-may-display-even-greater-social-signals-of-shared-enjoyment-and-ease-when-interacting-with-one-another-as-viewed-by-an-external-observer\">Resultaten visar att deltagarna, oavsett diagnostisk status, ger s\u00e4mre betyg p\u00e5 samf\u00f6rst\u00e5ndet f\u00f6r par med blandade neurotyper \u00e4n f\u00f6r par med matchade neurotyper. Detta tyder p\u00e5 att en missmatchning mellan neurotyper resulterar i l\u00e4gre betyg av rapport, och att subtila verbala och icke-verbala ledtr\u00e5dar till rapport \u00e4r lika m\u00e4rkbara f\u00f6r autistiska och icke-autistiska individer. Intressant nog var rapportpo\u00e4ngen betydligt h\u00f6gre f\u00f6r de autistiska paren \u00e4n f\u00f6r de icke-autistiska, vilket tyder p\u00e5 att de autistiska dyaderna kan visa \u00e4nnu st\u00f6rre sociala signaler av delad gl\u00e4dje och l\u00e4tthet n\u00e4r de interagerar med varandra, sett av en extern observat\u00f6r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p id=\"htoc-an-exploratory-comparison-between-participants-own-judgments-of-rapport-and-an-observer-s-ratings-suggests-autistic-participants-self-rating-of-rapport-are-more-in-line-with-others-ratings-of-rapport-there-was-a-greater-discrepancy-between-non-autistic-participants-estimates-of-their-rapport-with-a-partner-compared-with-observers-rating-of-the-same-social-interaction\">En explorativ j\u00e4mf\u00f6relse mellan deltagarnas egna bed\u00f6mningar av rapport och en observat\u00f6rs bed\u00f6mningar tyder p\u00e5 att autistiska deltagares sj\u00e4lvv\u00e4rdering av rapport \u00e4r mer i linje med andras v\u00e4rderingar av rapport. Det fanns en st\u00f6rre diskrepans mellan icke-autistiska deltagares uppskattningar av sin relation med en partner j\u00e4mf\u00f6rt med observat\u00f6rernas bed\u00f6mning av samma sociala interaktion.<\/p>\n<cite><a href=\"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.586171\/full\">Frontiers | Neurotyp-matchning, men inte att vara autistisk, p\u00e5verkar sj\u00e4lv- och observat\u00f6rsbed\u00f6mningar av interpersonell rapport | Psykologi<\/a><\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"htoc-the-belief-in-a-theory-of-mind-is-a-disability\">Tron p\u00e5 en theory of mind \u00e4r en funktionsneds\u00e4ttning<\/h3>\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p id=\"htoc-and-this-is-where-the-neurotypical-belief-in-theory-of-mind-becomes-a-liability-not-just-a-liability-a-disability\">Och det \u00e4r h\u00e4r som den neurotypiska tron p\u00e5 theory of mind blir en belastning. Inte bara en belastning &#8211; utan <strong>\n  <em>en funktionsneds\u00e4ttning<\/em>\n<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p id=\"htoc-because-not-only-are-neurotypicals-just-as-mind-blind-to-autistics-as-autistics-are-to-neurotypicals-this-self-centered-belief-in-theory-of-mind-makes-it-impossible-to-mutually-negotiate-an-understanding-of-how-perceptions-might-differ-among-individuals-in-order-to-arrive-at-a-pragmatic-representation-that-accounts-for-significant-differences-in-the-experiences-of-various-individuals-it-bars-any-discussion-of-opening-up-a-space-for-autistics-to-participate-in-social-communication-by-clarifying-and-mapping-the-ways-in-which-their-perceptions-differ-rather-than-recognize-that-the-success-rate-of-the-neurotypical-divining-rod-is-based-on-mere-statistical-likelihood-that-the-thoughts-and-feelings-of-neurotypicals-will-correlate-they-declare-it-an-ineffable-gift-and-use-it-to-valorize-their-own-abilities-and-pathologize-those-of-autistics\">Inte nog med att neurotypiker \u00e4r lika blinda f\u00f6r autister som autister \u00e4r f\u00f6r neurotypiker, denna sj\u00e4lvcentrerade tro p\u00e5 theory of mind g\u00f6r det om\u00f6jligt att \u00f6msesidigt f\u00f6rhandla fram en f\u00f6rst\u00e5else f\u00f6r hur uppfattningar kan skilja sig \u00e5t mellan olika individer f\u00f6r att komma fram till en pragmatisk representation som tar h\u00e4nsyn till betydande skillnader i olika individers upplevelser. Det hindrar all diskussion om att skapa utrymme f\u00f6r autister att delta i social kommunikation genom att klarg\u00f6ra och kartl\u00e4gga de s\u00e4tt p\u00e5 vilka deras uppfattningar skiljer sig \u00e5t. I st\u00e4llet f\u00f6r att erk\u00e4nna att den neurotypiska divinationsst\u00e5ngens framg\u00e5ngsgrad \u00e4r baserad p\u00e5 enbart statistisk sannolikhet att neurotypiska personers tankar och k\u00e4nslor kommer att korrelera, f\u00f6rklarar de den som en outs\u00e4glig g\u00e5va och anv\u00e4nder den f\u00f6r att uppv\u00e4rdera sina egna f\u00f6rm\u00e5gor och patologisera autistikers f\u00f6rm\u00e5gor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p id=\"htoc-a-belief-in-theory-of-mind-makes-it-unnecessary-for-neurotypicals-to-engage-in-real-perspective-taking-since-they-are-able-instead-to-fall-back-on-projection-differences-that-they-discover-in-autistic-thinking-are-dismissed-as-pathology-not-as-a-failure-in-the-neurotypical-s-supposed-skill-in-theory-of-mind-or-perspective-taking\"><strong>En tro p\u00e5 theory of mind g\u00f6r det on\u00f6digt f\u00f6r neurotypiska personer att engagera sig i verkligt perspektivtagande, eftersom de ist\u00e4llet kan falla tillbaka p\u00e5 projektion. Skillnader som de uppt\u00e4cker i autistiskt t\u00e4nkande avf\u00e4rdas som patologi, inte som ett misslyckande i den neurotypiske individens f\u00f6rmodade f\u00f6rm\u00e5ga till sinnesteori eller perspektivtagande.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p id=\"htoc-ironically-constantly-confronted-with-the-differences-in-their-own-thinking-and-that-of-those-around-them-and-needing-to-function-in-a-world-dominated-by-a-different-neurotype-autistics-are-engaged-in-learning-genuine-perspective-taking-from-the-cradle-on-the-perceived-failure-in-that-perspective-taking-is-thus-based-on-the-fact-that-autistics-do-not-rely-on-and-cannot-rely-on-neurological-similarities-to-crib-understanding-by-projecting-their-own-thoughts-and-feelings-onto-others\">Ironiskt nog \u00e4r autister, som st\u00e4ndigt konfronteras med skillnaderna i sitt eget t\u00e4nkande och omgivningens, och som m\u00e5ste fungera i en v\u00e4rld som domineras av en annan neurotyp, engagerade i att l\u00e4ra sig genuint perspektivtagande fr\u00e5n vaggan och fram\u00e5t. Det upplevda misslyckandet i detta perspektivtagande baseras s\u00e5ledes p\u00e5 det faktum att autister inte f\u00f6rlitar sig p\u00e5 och inte kan f\u00f6rlita sig p\u00e5 neurologiska likheter f\u00f6r att skapa f\u00f6rst\u00e5else genom att projicera sina egna tankar och k\u00e4nslor p\u00e5 andra.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p id=\"htoc-as-such-autistics-talk-about-themselves-rather-than-others-a-feature-of-autistic-narrative-that-has-been-pathologized-as-typically-autistic-by-researchers-like-ute-frith-the-fact-that-much-of-autistic-writing-is-dedicated-to-deconstructing-neurotypical-fallacies-about-autistic-thinking-set-in-the-world-when-they-spoke-about-or-for-us-and-to-explaining-differences-in-autistic-thinking-in-order-to-broker-mutual-understanding-remains-unremarked-upon-as-it-would-have-required-adequate-perspective-taking-to-have-identified-this\">Autister talar allts\u00e5 om sig sj\u00e4lva snarare \u00e4n om andra, ett drag i autistiska ber\u00e4ttelser som har patologiserats som &#8220;typiskt autistiska&#8221; av forskare som Ute Frith. Det faktum att en stor del av autistiska texter \u00e4gnas \u00e5t att dekonstruera neurotypiska felaktigheter om autistiskt t\u00e4nkande som fanns i v\u00e4rlden n\u00e4r de talade om (eller f\u00f6r) oss, och att f\u00f6rklara skillnader i autistiskt t\u00e4nkande f\u00f6r att fr\u00e4mja \u00f6msesidig f\u00f6rst\u00e5else, kommenteras inte, eftersom det skulle ha kr\u00e4vt adekvat perspektivtagande f\u00f6r att ha identifierat detta.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p id=\"htoc-thus-if-we-were-to-summarize-the-effect-of-neurotypicals-sitting-in-wells-that-are-structured-in-much-the-same-way-delimited-in-much-the-same-way-oriented-in-the-same-general-direction-and-located-in-the-same-geographic-location-manifested-as-an-unassailable-belief-in-their-natural-gift-of-theory-of-mind-we-would-have-to-conclude-that-this-belief-in-theory-of-mind-severely-impairs-neurotypicals-ability-to-perceive-that-there-is-sky-or-even-the-great-sea-outside-the-narrow-limits-of-their-purview-it-also-necessarily-impacts-their-cognitive-empathy-vis-vis-autistics-and-sadly-their-affective-empathy-as-well\">Om vi skulle sammanfatta effekten av att neurotypiska personer sitter i brunnar som \u00e4r strukturerade p\u00e5 ungef\u00e4r samma s\u00e4tt, avgr\u00e4nsade p\u00e5 ungef\u00e4r samma s\u00e4tt, orienterade i samma allm\u00e4nna riktning och bel\u00e4gna p\u00e5 samma geografiska plats, vilket manifesteras som en oantastlig tro p\u00e5 deras naturliga g\u00e5va, sinnesteori, skulle vi allts\u00e5 beh\u00f6va dra slutsatsen att  <strong>Denna tro p\u00e5 theory of mind f\u00f6rs\u00e4mrar allvarligt neurotypikernas f\u00f6rm\u00e5ga att uppfatta att det finns himmel eller till och med det stora havet utanf\u00f6r de sn\u00e4va gr\u00e4nserna f\u00f6r deras synf\u00e4lt<\/strong>. Det p\u00e5verkar ocks\u00e5 deras kognitiva empati gentemot autister och, tyv\u00e4rr, \u00e4ven deras affektiva empati.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p id=\"htoc-this-deficit-in-neurotypicals-needs-to-be-remediated-if-autistics-are-to-have-a-chance-to-participate-as-equals-because-the-truth-is-in-this-regard-autistics-suffer-and-are-excluded-from-social-communication-not-because-of-our-own-disability-but-because-of-neurotypical-disability\"><strong>Denna brist hos neurotypiska personer m\u00e5ste \u00e5tg\u00e4rdas om autister ska ha en chans att delta som j\u00e4mlikar<\/strong>, eftersom sanningen \u00e4r att autister lider och utesluts fr\u00e5n social kommunikation inte p\u00e5 grund av v\u00e5rt eget handikapp, utan p\u00e5 grund av neurotypiska personers handikapp.<\/p>\n<cite><a href=\"https:\/\/semioticspectrumite.wordpress.com\/2018\/01\/26\/the-belief-in-theory-of-mind-is-a-disability\/\">Att tro p\u00e5 en theory of mind \u00e4r ett funktionshinder &#8211; Semiotic Spectrumite<\/a><\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-neurotypical-psychotherapists-amp-autistic-clients\">Neurotypiska psykoterapeuter och autistiska klienter<\/h3>\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p id=\"htoc-the-20th-century-political-scientist-karl-deutsch-said-power-is-the-ability-not-to-have-to-learn\">1900-talets statsvetare Karl Deutsch sa: <strong>&#8220;Makt \u00e4r f\u00f6rm\u00e5gan att inte beh\u00f6va l\u00e4ra sig.&#8221;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p id=\"htoc-i-quote-this-statement-often-because-i-think-it-s-one-of-the-most-important-truths-ever-articulated-about-privilege-oppression-and-social-power-relations\">Jag citerar detta uttalande ofta, eftersom jag tycker att det \u00e4r en av de viktigaste sanningar som n\u00e5gonsin formulerats om privilegier, f\u00f6rtryck och sociala maktf\u00f6rh\u00e5llanden.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p id=\"htoc-when-a-social-system-is-set-up-such-that-one-particular-group-is-almost-always-in-a-position-of-social-power-or-privilege-over-another-group-the-members-of-the-privileged-group-never-truly-need-to-learn-or-practice-empathy-or-understanding-for-the-members-of-the-disempowered-oppressed-group-nor-do-the-members-of-the-privileged-group-need-to-learn-to-adapt-to-the-communication-style-of-the-oppressed-group\">N\u00e4r ett socialt system \u00e4r utformat s\u00e5 att en viss grupp n\u00e4stan alltid har social makt eller \u00e4r privilegierad i f\u00f6rh\u00e5llande till en annan grupp,  <strong>medlemmarna i den privilegierade gruppen aldrig beh\u00f6ver l\u00e4ra sig eller \u00f6va empati eller f\u00f6rst\u00e5else f\u00f6r medlemmarna i den f\u00f6rtryckta gruppen. Inte heller beh\u00f6ver medlemmarna i den privilegierade gruppen l\u00e4ra sig att anpassa sig till den f\u00f6rtryckta gruppens kommunikationsstil.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p id=\"htoc-neurotypical-privilege-means-that-neurotypical-people-interacting-with-autistic-people-particularly-when-the-neurotypical-people-in-question-are-in-positions-of-professional-authority-have-the-luxury-of-never-having-to-address-or-even-acknowledge-their-own-empathy-deficits-or-poor-communication-skills-because-they-can-blame-all-failures-of-empathy-understanding-and-communication-on-the-alleged-deficits-of-the-autistic-people\"><strong>Neurotypiskt privilegium inneb\u00e4r att neurotypiska personer som interagerar med autistiska personer &#8211; s\u00e4rskilt n\u00e4r de neurotypiska personerna i fr\u00e5ga har positioner som professionella auktoriteter &#8211; har lyxen att aldrig beh\u00f6va ta upp eller ens erk\u00e4nna sina egna empatibrister eller d\u00e5liga kommunikationsf\u00f6rm\u00e5ga, eftersom de kan skylla alla misslyckanden med empati, f\u00f6rst\u00e5else och kommunikation p\u00e5 de p\u00e5st\u00e5dda bristerna hos de autistiska personerna.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p id=\"htoc-power-or-privilege-as-we-now-more-commonly-call-the-particular-kind-of-power-to-which-deutsch-was-referring-is-the-ability-not-to-have-to-learn-there-s-a-phrase-check-your-privilege-that-s-often-repeated-but-rarely-understood-or-heeded-by-those-privileged-persons-at-whom-it-is-directed-if-we-start-from-deutsch-s-definition-of-power-or-privilege-as-the-ability-not-to-have-to-learn-we-can-understand-check-your-privilege-to-mean-at-least-in-part-learn-be-quiet-pay-attention-and-learn-learn-even-though-the-learning-process-and-the-level-of-profound-humility-it-requires-is-going-to-be-uncomfortable-learn-even-though-because-of-your-privilege-this-sort-of-learning-and-humility-is-a-discomfort-that-you-have-the-luxury-of-being-able-to-avoid-a-luxury-that-we-didn-t-have-when-we-had-to-learn-your-ways-learn-even-though-you-don-t-have-to\">Makt &#8211; eller privilegier, som vi numera oftare kallar den s\u00e4rskilda typ av makt som Deutsch h\u00e4nvisade till &#8211; \u00e4r f\u00f6rm\u00e5gan att inte beh\u00f6va l\u00e4ra sig. Det finns en fras, &#8220;check your privilege&#8221;, som ofta upprepas men s\u00e4llan f\u00f6rst\u00e5s eller h\u00f6rsammas av de privilegierade personer som den \u00e4r riktad mot.  <strong>Om vi utg\u00e5r fr\u00e5n Deutschs definition av makt eller privilegium som f\u00f6rm\u00e5gan att inte beh\u00f6va l\u00e4ra sig, kan vi f\u00f6rst\u00e5 att &#8220;kontrollera ditt privilegium&#8221; \u00e5tminstone delvis betyder &#8220;L\u00e4r dig! Var tyst, var uppm\u00e4rksam och l\u00e4r dig.<\/strong>  L\u00e4r er, \u00e4ven om inl\u00e4rningsprocessen och den niv\u00e5 av djup \u00f6dmjukhet som den kr\u00e4ver kommer att vara obekv\u00e4m. L\u00e4r er trots att ni p\u00e5 grund av era privilegier anser att denna typ av l\u00e4rande och \u00f6dmjukhet \u00e4r ett obehag som ni har lyxen att kunna undvika &#8211; en lyx som vi inte hade, n\u00e4r vi var tvungna att l\u00e4ra oss hur ni gjorde. L\u00e4r dig \u00e4ven om du inte beh\u00f6ver.&#8221;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p id=\"htoc-unfortunately-as-members-of-all-oppressed-groups-discover-most-privileged-people-just-won-t-do-that-the-states-of-profound-mindfulness-humility-openness-to-correction-and-tolerance-for-uncertainty-that-such-learning-demands-are-too-far-outside-of-most-people-s-comfort-zones-most-human-beings-simply-won-t-go-that-far-outside-of-their-comfort-zones-if-they-don-t-have-to-and-privilege-means-they-don-t-have-to\">Tyv\u00e4rr, som medlemmar av alla f\u00f6rtryckta grupper uppt\u00e4cker, kommer de flesta privilegierade m\u00e4nniskor helt enkelt inte att g\u00f6ra det. De tillst\u00e5nd av djupg\u00e5ende medvetenhet, \u00f6dmjukhet, \u00f6ppenhet f\u00f6r korrigeringar och tolerans f\u00f6r os\u00e4kerhet som s\u00e5dan inl\u00e4rning kr\u00e4ver ligger alltf\u00f6r l\u00e5ngt utanf\u00f6r de flesta m\u00e4nniskors komfortzoner. De flesta m\u00e4nniskor g\u00e5r helt enkelt inte s\u00e5 l\u00e5ngt utanf\u00f6r sin komfortzon om de inte m\u00e5ste. Och privilegiet inneb\u00e4r att de inte beh\u00f6ver g\u00f6ra det.<\/p>\n<cite><a href=\"https:\/\/neuroqueer.com\/neurotypical-psychotherapists-and-autistic-clients\/\">NEUROTYPISKA PSYKOTERAPEUTER &amp; AUTISTISKA KLIENTER &#8211; NEUROQUEER<\/a><\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-pullquote\"><blockquote><p>(Visste du det? Att autistiska m\u00e4nniskors rykte om att sakna empati bokstavligen kommer fr\u00e5n allistiska m\u00e4nniskors brist p\u00e5 empati gentemot oss? Det \u00e4r institutionaliserad DARVO-skit som fortfarande pr\u00e4glar den mesta politiken kring autism).<br\/><br\/>Saken \u00e4r den att forskning som denna &#8211; seri\u00f6s vetenskaplig forskning om autism &#8211; historiskt sett har behandlat f\u00f6rs\u00f6kspersonernas subjektiva upplevelser som brus som ska filtreras bort. De tror alla att de kan l\u00e4sa av v\u00e5ra k\u00e4nslor om de beh\u00f6ver och att de d\u00e4rf\u00f6r inte beh\u00f6ver fr\u00e5ga oss.<br\/><br\/>Men problemet med dubbel empati visar entydigt att detta antagande \u00e4r felaktigt. Allistics \u00e4r lika d\u00e5liga p\u00e5 att f\u00f6rst\u00e5 oss som vi \u00e4r p\u00e5 att f\u00f6rst\u00e5 dem. Det g\u00e5r \u00e5t b\u00e5da h\u00e5llen. Detta m\u00e5ste ogiltigf\u00f6rklara all forskning som utg\u00e5r fr\u00e5n att v\u00e5rt beteende kan avg\u00f6ra v\u00e5rt inre tillst\u00e5nd.<\/p><cite><a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/mykola\/status\/1514726234437074950?s=20&amp;t=lKKZ52NGDJtntetXtWdTOQ\">@mykola p\u00e5 Twitter<\/a><\/cite><\/blockquote><\/figure>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Om vi har r\u00e4tt \u00e4r monotropism en av de viktigaste id\u00e9erna som kr\u00e4vs f\u00f6r att f\u00f6rst\u00e5 autism, tillsammans med den dubbla empatiproblemet och neurodiversitet . Monotropism g\u00f6r m\u00e5nga autistiska upplevelser begripliga p\u00e5 individniv\u00e5. Det dubbla empatiproblemet f\u00f6rklarar de missf\u00f6rst\u00e5nd som uppst\u00e5r mellan m\u00e4nniskor som bearbetar v\u00e4rlden p\u00e5 olika s\u00e4tt, och som ofta misstas f\u00f6r bristande [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":79,"featured_media":50246,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"give_campaign_id":0,"_coblocks_attr":"","_coblocks_dimensions":"","_coblocks_responsive_height":"","_coblocks_accordion_ie_support":"","_eb_attr":"","_eb_data_table":"","_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"activitypub_content_warning":"","activitypub_content_visibility":"","activitypub_max_image_attachments":3,"activitypub_interaction_policy_quote":"anyone","activitypub_status":"","footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2},"_wpas_customize_per_network":false,"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[4204,3071],"tags":[3074,3385,4205,4206,3380,3075],"class_list":["post-50411","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-dei-ab-sv","category-neurodiversitet","tag-autism-sv","tag-dubbla-problem-med-empati","tag-forskning-om-autism","tag-guide-sv","tag-monotropism-sv","tag-neurodiversitet"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.5 (Yoast SEO v27.5) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Stimpunks Guide to the NeurodiVerse Nummer 5: Omdefiniering av autismvetenskap med monotropism och det dubbla empatiproblemet - Stimpunks Foundation<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/stimpunks.org\/sv\/2023\/06\/03\/stimpunks-guide-to-the-neurodiverse-nummer-5-omdefiniering-av-autismvetenskap-med-monotropism-och-det-dubbla-empatiproblemet\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"sv_SE\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Stimpunks Guide to the NeurodiVerse Nummer 5: Omdefiniering av autismvetenskap med monotropism och det dubbla empatiproblemet\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Om vi har r\u00e4tt \u00e4r monotropism en av de viktigaste id\u00e9erna som kr\u00e4vs f\u00f6r att f\u00f6rst\u00e5 autism, tillsammans med den dubbla empatiproblemet och neurodiversitet . 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